معاشرتی امن و امان میں پختون روایتی مصالحت اور تحکیم کا کردار: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

To maintain and enhance social peace and mutual interaction among people it is mandatory to resolve their mutual conflicts. The eradication of mutual conflicts and working for reconciliation is obligatory on the Muslims. Al-mighty Allah has declared reconciliation and resolution of conflicts among all the Muslims as legitimate action. There are numerous verses of the Holy Quran and Hadith of the Prophet where Muslims have been ordered for reconciliation aiming to promote brotherhood and peace in society. The main rationale behind this is to bring harmony and peace in the social order of life. What are the pre-requisites of reconciliation from Sharia’s perspective, in which conflict reconciliation is permissible and in which cases it is not allowed. This study emphasizes to answer the above mentioned question. Furthermore, efforts have been made to provide a sharia’s foundation for those who are involved in the process of reconciliation in the form of Taḥkīm. This will not only encourage them, but will help in the maintenance of peace in the society. Similarly, a comparison will also be made between the merits and demerits of Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process, and important suggestions will be made to make the Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process more productive and valuable.

جدید اردو افسانے پر نئی نظم کے اثرات

Urdu Short story undergone many thematic and stylistic changes through its evolution decade by decade in the 20th century. In the first three or four decades narrative style of short story writing was much popular style because it was much suitable for the topics associated with realism. In Pakistan era, soon after independence narrative style of writing gradually changed and influence of modern movements in other arts and literature and techniques associated with these movements increased on Urdu short story. In 60s a movement in Urdu Nazm emerged generally called Nai Nazm (the new poem). The movement was initiated basically for poetic genres especially free verse. The movement was of the opinion that the old phrases and set grammatical structures are not sufficient to convey the complexity of the mind of modern man. So these structures should be broken and new and fresh patterns should be introduced. This changed the new poetry with regard to its content as well as its style. These changes in Nai Nazm influence other genres of literature especially the modern short story. This thesis critically analysis these changes. The thesis consists of five chapters and starting from the start of 20th century, when the Urdu short story was introduced in Urdu literature and influenced by contemporary literary movements, it presents a thorough study of Urdu short story before partition. In the next chapters emerging of the movement of Nai Nazm, its salient features are discussed. In the next chapters influence of this movement on modern literature is analyzed. In the final chapter works of selected short story writers are critically discussed in the context of influence of Nai Nazm movement.