فتح دین گلکارؔ (۱۹۳۰ء۔۱۸۶۵ء) کا اصل نام فتح دین اور گلکار تخلص ہے۔ آپ پسرورمیں پیدا ہوئے۔ پسرور میں علمی و ادبی محفلوں میں شامل ہوتے رہے۔ عربی اردو اور فارسی پر عبور رکھتے تھے۔ اپنے دور کے پرگو شاعر تھے ان کا بہت سا کلام غیر مطبوعہ ہے جو مختلف شخصیات کے پاس بکھرا پڑا ہے۔ (۵۹)
ان کا بکھر ہوا کلام طبع کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔ راقم الحروف ان کا غیر مطبوعہ کلام بازیافت نہیں کر سکاہے ۔ گلکار کا ۲۵۶ صفحات پر مشتمل ایک شعری مجموعہ ہے جو نایاب ہے۔ یہ مجموعہ غزلیات اور قصائد پر مشتمل ہے۔ میجر ہارٹ کی مدح میں ایک قصیدہ ہے جو ۱۸۸۹ء کا لکھا ہوا ہے۔ قصیدے کا مطلع اور مقطع ملاحظہ ہو:
جو کہ ماری مدح کا دم کیا تجھے امکان ہے نارسا بے عقل کب تجھ سا کوئی نادان ہے
ٹائم آمد عیسوی گلکارؔ یوں ہاتف کیا جیسے غیاثِ درد منداں حاتم دوران کیا (۶۰)
آپ کے غیر مطبوعہ اور مطبوعہ دیوان مناجات‘ حمدیہ قصائد اور غزلیات پر مشتمل ہیں چند اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
بسم اﷲ خاص منبع ہے سرقدیم کا مژدہ ہے اس میں الرحمن الرحیم کا
حامد ہے کون حمد خدائے کریم کا عالم ہے کون حضرت علم علیم کا
گلکارؔ کچھ خطر نہیں روزِ حساب کا تقویٰ ہے تجھ کو رحمت رب الرحیم کا (۶۱)
۵۹۔ ڈاکٹر سلطان محمود حسین ،’’تاریخِ پسرور‘‘، ص:۲۹۶۔۲۹۷
۶۰۔ ایضاً ‘ ص: ۲۹۸
۶۱۔ ایضاً ‘ ص: ۲۹۹
It is important to know that how the whole system of Madrasah education was evolved and what were various trends which contributed in shaping the whole system of religious Education in the Muslim world, particularly. I this article I will be presenting a comparative analysis of some important Religious Education systems prevalent in prominent Muslim Countries to demonstrate that how same institutions can develop on different lines due to application of certain approaches by state. Here I will be making a comparison of five Muslim countries namely Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Indonesia and Bangladesh. Under this comparison I would try to illustrate briefly that how different contexts actually shape and direct the overall approach, methodology and pedagogical methods of these institutions. And I will try Here I will make comparison of four major religious education institutions working in four different Muslim countries namely
Rate Optimization and Resource Allocation in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks The phenomenal rise in the number of connected devices and the demand for service quality and channel capacity in wireless networks is severely limited by the scarcity of available resources such as energy and bandwidth. New communications and networking paradigms such as cooperative communication and cognitive radio networks have emerged in recent years which can intelligently and efficiently utilize these resources. Cognitive radio enables the cognitive nodes or Secondary Users (SUs) to sense any opportunity for transmission without degrading the Primary Users (PUs) transmission. This helps in efficient utilization of the available radio spectrum. Cooperation among PUs and SUs can greatly enhance the performance of the cognitive radio network. In this thesis, we have considered various spectrum access strategies in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks (CCRNs) using distributed matching algorithms in order to optimize the PU and/or SU sum-rate. SUs cooperatively relay PUs messages based on Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Decode-and-Forward (DF) cooperative techniques, in exchange for accessing some of the spectrum for their secondary communications. From the literatures, we found that the Conventional Distributed Algorithm (CDA) and Pragmatic Distributed Algorithm (PDA) aim to maximize the PU sum-rate resulting in a lower sum-rate for the SU. In this contribution, we have investigated a suit of distributed matching algorithms. More specifically, we investigated SU-based CDA (CDA-SU) and SU-based PDA (PDA-SU) that maximize the SU sum-rate. We have also proposed the All User-based PDA (PDA-ALL), for maximizing the sum-rates of both PU and SU groups. All schemes are investigated under the idealistic scenario involving perfect coding and perfect modulation, as well as under practical scenario involving actual coding and actual modulation. Explicitly, our practical scenario considers the adaptive coded modulation based DF schemes for transmission flexibility and efficiency. More specifically, we have considered the Self-Concatenated Convolutional Code (SECCC), which exhibits low complexity, since it invokes only a single encoder and a single decoder. Furthermore, puncturing has been employed for enhancing the bandwidth efficiency of SECCC. As another enhancement, physical layer security has been applied to our system by introducing a unique Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) based puncturing to our SECCC scheme. Furthermore, we present a secrecy sum-rate maximization based matching algorithm between PUs and SU cooperative jammers in the presence of an eavesdropper. We present the achievable secrecy regions by employing friendly jammers which transmit noise to impair the eavesdropper’s ability to decode the message. The cooperative jammers are allocated a fraction of the bandwidth in compensation for their help to transmit jamming signals towards the eavesdropper, which in our case is an untrusted relay node. We provide results for the secrecy rate regions, where we consider only relaying link between the source and the destination. We also provide results for the secrecy rate regions when we consider a direct link between the source and destination in addition to the relaying link. The Conventional Distributed Algorithm (CDA) and the Pragmatic Distributed Algorithm (PDA), which were originally designed for maximizing the user’s sum rate, are modified and adapted for maximizing the secrecy sum-rate for the primary user. In the end we considered a scenario such that a single PU can acquire help from multiple SUs. More explicitly, we consider an untrusted relay scenario, where the relay is a potential eavesdropper. The transmission of the proposed scheme is divided into three time slots, i.e., broadcast and jamming phase, relaying phase and the jammer’s secondary transmission phase or utility phase. We employ multiple jammers where we first fix the position of two jammers and study the behavior of introducing another moving jammer to maximize the secrecy further. We consider a leader-follower game theoretic model where the primary user (source) is the leader and the secondary users (jammers) are the followers. To facilitate the behavior of cooperative jammers, a Nash equilibrium based power control mechanism is employed. We consider two scenarios for our power control mechanism, where in the first case the jammers simultaneously transmit their information (non-orthogonal) during the jammer’s utility phase, while in the second case the jammer’s utility time slot is divided equally among the participating jammers (orthogonal) to mitigate interference caused by the participating jammers.