طلب معاش کی اہمیت اور اس کی ترقی کے اسباب قرآن اور سنت کی روشنی میں

Trade has been considered as the most important mode of caring livelihood.  Trade is considered as sole biggest medium because all other modes carry secondary position, as they all derive from trade in one way or the other. That’s way crafts and services have gained much success in this era of machinery and technology. In spite of all this trade assumes the same highest positions in this era too. Islam has not left trade on its own but has framed principles. These principles are not only helpful on individual scale but they give benefits to whole community. It benefits in this world and hereafter of its users. Islam is an eternal religion, so it addresses all problems of this era and of upcoming in its teachings. We can gain both worldly and hereafter benefits by acting upon Islamic principles. We have glorious examples of past traders who visited the whole world in order to carry trade. They trade far and wide on the basis of Islamic principles. They not only maintained their businesses, but also preached Islam through their just dealings and humble behavior. Their customers or the people who come into their contact were so impressed that they not only became Muslims but also changed their traditions, Customs, culture and even languages. This article discusses the reasons that explicate the beauty of Trade.

Effect of Saline And/Or Sodic Waters on Growth, Ionic Concentration and Biochemical Changes in Sunflower Helianthus Annuus L.

Scarcity of good quality irrigation water is one of the crop limiting factors in Pakistan. Information on the relative tolerance of different crop genotypes is necessary for the successful management of salt affected land and water. To investigate the effect of saline and/or sodic waters on growth, ionic concentration and biochemical changes in sunflower, a series of solution culture and pot experiments were conducted. Initially, 10 sunflower genotypes were grown for 30 days in hydroponics using five levels of saline and/or sodic water;T 1 (control), T 2 (EC 10.0 dS m -1 ), T 3 (SAR 20.0 mmol L -1 ) 1/2 , T 4 (RSC 5.4 mmol c L -1 ), T 5 (EC 10.0 dS m -1 ) + (SAR 20.0 mmol L -1 ) 1/2 + (RSC 5.4 mmol c L -1 ). On the basis of biomass accumulation and K + : Na + , ratio SF-187 and Hysun-33 emerged as salt tolerant and salt sensitive genotypes respectively. Subsequently, growth and yield response of these genotypes was evaluated in soil culture under various saline and/or sodic water treatments. Although, growth and yield of both genotypes decreased under saline and/or sodic water treatments but SF-187 produced a significantly (P ≤0.05) higher yield as compared to Hysun-33. In the next pot studies, Ca and Si were used @100 mg kg -1 soil to investigate their mitigating effect using same levels of saline and/or sodic water as above. Results revealed that calcium application partially offset the deleterious effects of saline and/or sodic waters and improved yield under RSC-water. However, Si significantly improved growth and yield of sunflower under saline and/or sodic water irrigation. The beneficial effects of Si were more pronounced in salt sensitive genotypes than in salt tolerant genotypes. Same sunflower genotypes when grown in solution culture, salinized with 100 mM NaCl revealed that 1 mM Si significantly enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes as compared to 5 mM Ca. Finally, both sunflower genotypes were grown in pot culture and irrigated with saline sodic water. The results confirmed that Si alleviated salt stress and enhanced plant growth by stimulating activities of antioxidant enzymes and lowering lipid peroxidation in sunflower. Major mechanisms of Si mediated salt tolerance in sunflower include the maintenance of higher K + /Na + ratio, reduced membrane lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidative mechanism. Key words: sunflower, saline and/or sodic water, antioxidant enzymes, calcium, silicon