حدود آرڈیننس میں کی جانے والی ترامیم
حدود آرڈیننس میں بھی وقت کے گرزنے کے ساتھ ساتھ کچھ تبدیلیاں کی گئی ہیں ،۔ یہ تبدیلیانں زیادہ ترزنا کے حوالے سے ہوئی ہیں ۔ یہ تبدیلیاں مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
During the period of total containment during the Covid-19 pandemic; our department became the sole treatment center for all surgical emergencies. The influx of many patients made the task very difficult for the surgeon. This is a 3-month descriptive prospective study in the visceral surgery department at the Analankininina Toamasina University Hospital Center. Of the 81 patients hospitalized during the study, 32 patients were admitted for digestive surgery emergency, i.e. 39.50%. The mean age was 34.87 years with a sex ratio of 1.66, predominantly male. Abdominal pain occupied 43.75% of the reason for consultation, the most frequent pathologies were acute intestinal obstruction (18.75%) and acute appendicitis (18.75%). An exploratory laparotomy is performed on 40.62% of patients. Many patients were operated on for proctologic emergency (18.75%). The average length of hospitalization is 4.18 days. The visceral emergencies are present despite the presence of the Covid-19 pandemic and the activities of the health personnel are uninterrupted.
Cognitive Problems of Urdu-Medium College Students in Learning English Syntax The present study describes the learners' confusions caused by Grammar Translation Method. The researcher has tried to explain the reasons for the grammatical errors which the learners commit. Though the list of reasons is not intended to be exhaustive, yet its contents can be used inductively to understand learner's confusion. The study was conducted in two steps: First, the Pilot Study was conducted on 5 male undergraduates. A test was designed which consisted of 6 questions: Translation questions in both directions, fill in the blank questions to test the learner's competence of Auxiliaries and Main Verb forms. They were motivated to tell the reasons for their answers. In the light of contrastive analysis, and learners' answers, the reasons for the Errors were collected and organized into 10 main groups, and around 50 sub-groups. This classification of Errors provided us with the basic understanding of the reasons behind them. In the light of the results of the Pilot study, the Test was modified and reduced to one Main and one supporting part, questions 7 and 8. The main part consisted of 48 sentences, 4 for every tense: 1 Affirmative, 1 Negative, 1 Polarity question, 1 Wh question. 25 male students of BA class were selected for the test and interview. Of 728 Errors 342 were Tense-related. 131 Errors could not be classified because of lack of evidence. 339 answers were correct, and 184 were not attempted. The main reasons discovered were faulty Inter-lingual Correlations, and faulty combinations (termed in this work as Mental Associations). The present study reviews the concept of Overgeneralization describes it. It explains the reasons for such frequent errors as *`did not going', *`are go' and so on. Sometimes, the combination 'did not' sticks too fast to the learner's mind, and he extends it to the negative sentences of every tense. So is the case with * 'are come'. Similar confusions arise in Polarity Interrogatives where learners associate the process of question making with a particular Auxiliary and extend it to all the tenses. In this way, various reasons of learners' confusion were collected and classified. The study also suggests remedies of the problems.