دور حاضر میں فنی تعلیم کی ضرورت
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز سامعین اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’دور حاضر میںفنی تعلیم کی ضرورت‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
علم ایک نور ہے، علم ایک روشنی ہے، علم ایک دولت ہے، علم ہی سے گلشن ہستی کے گل وگلزار میں تازگی اور طراوت ہے، علم ہی سے میدانِ حیات و زیست میں شاہسواری کی جاتی ہے، علم ہی کی بدولت آسمانِ علم و دانش پر آفتاب و ماہتاب بن کر چمکتا ہے۔
صدرِ محترم!
علم نام ہے واقفیت کا، علم نام ہے ادراک کا ،علم نام ہے شعور اور قویٰ کو پروان چڑھانے کا، علم سے زندگی ہے، علم ہی بندگی کا انداز سکھاتا ہے ،علم ہی سے نشت و برخاست کا ڈھنگ آتاہے، علم ہی سے لغت حجازی کا فرہنگ بنتا ہے، علم ہی سے تہذیب و تمدن کی فضاء ہموار ہوتی ہے۔
معززصدر!
علم کی ضرورت ہر دور میں رہی ہے ،علم ہی کی بدولت آج ہم اپنی تاریخ سے باخبر ہیں، علم جو بھی ہو انسان کو انسانیت سکھاتا ہے، اگر علم نافع ہے تو صاحب علم کی قدریں بڑھ جاتی ہیں، اگر علم غیر نافع ہے تو صاحب علم اپنے آپ کو محفوظ و مامون رکھتا ہے۔
معززصدر!
علم جب عقل و شعور کو منور کر کے اپنی روشنی کی کرنیں خارجی طور پر ظاہر کرتا ہے، صاحب علم کے اعضاء سے اس کا اظہار ہوتاہے، ایک غنی کی شکل اختیار کرتا ہے۔ ایک ہنر کی صورت میں نظر آتا ہے۔ تو اس وقت اس کی اہمیت کو چار چاند لگ جاتے ہیں، معاشرے میں خوشحالی کے دروازوا ہو جاتے ہیں، غربت و افلاس کا خاتمہ...
The success of federalism in multiethnic societies greatly depends on fiscal decentralization. It empowers the provincial governments along with the local bodies at the grass root level. In this perspective fiscal decentralization needs structural arrangements in order to ensure revenue generation and appropriate expenditures. It helps to strengthen the national grid to avoid inter-provincial or intra-provincial discrepancies. This study illustrates the relationship between fiscal devolution and symmetrical horizontal economic development. It envisages the devolution plan (2001) introduced by former General Pervez Mushraff in Pakistan under which the Provincial Finance Commissions were established. This research would focus on Punjab as a case study to analyze the working of Provincial Finance Commission. This research tends to address the questions like what have been the patterns of fiscal decentralization in Pakistan? Did National Finance Commission and Provincial Finance Commission promote the principles of equitable devolution of resources in the divisible pool on the basis of need assessment? Could PFC be able to mitigate the intra-provincial disparities in Punjab? Did PFC take efficiency advantage in Punjab through the empowerment of local governments? This study would encompass the analysis of the resource allocation formula opted by the successive governments in the past till present and the counter arguments by the academia and the local body members. Qualitative and quantitative both methods would be used while incorporating primary as well secondary sources. This research concludes with the proposition that empowered local bodies and effective finance commission are the sine qua non of fiscal decentralization in democratic state like Pakistan.
The work was carried out to assess the effects of treated and untreated wastewater on morpho-anatomical, physio-chemical and essential oil contents of four widely cultivated fragrant Rosa species of Pakistan during 2012 and 2013 in peri-urban area. Water analysis showed that all minerals and chemicals were in permissible level in canal water and treated wastewater whereas, untreated water contained higher EC, BOD, COD and heavy metals like Cd, Co, Cu, Pb. Morphological studies showed that treated wastewater has a pronounced effect on floral attributes of Rosa species. Rosa Gruss-an-Teplitz produced the maximum number of flowers per plant, increased bud and flower diameter, number of petals per flower and took minimum days to produce flowers. Whereas, plant height and number of leaves per branch was high in R. bourboniana and leaf area was found maximum in R. damascena. Anatomical study showed that R. Gruss-an-Teplitz showed remarkable variations in root anatomical characteristics under treated wastewater. A significant variation was recorded in R. Gruss-an-Teplitz in terms of large cortical cell area, large vascular bundle area, large xylem and phloem area, large pith area and large cross sectional area while thick epidermis and large metaxylem area was recorded in R. bourboniana. Stem anatomical characteristics showed that large cortical cell area was recorded in R. damascena under untreated wastewater treatment and R. Gruss-an-Teplitz showed thick epidermis and large xylem area in untreated and treated wastewater respectively whereas R. bourboniana showed large pith area in treated wastewater. Rosa Gruss-an-Teplitz showed significant variations in leaf characteristics under treated and untreated wastewater treatment such as, large cortical cell area, vascular bundle area, large spongy cell area and thicker midrib whereas a remarkable increase in epidermal thickness was recorded in R. centifolia. Large palisade cell area, large phloem area and thick leaves (lamina) were found in R. damascena in treated wastewater. Physiological attributes revealed that in treated wastewater, high photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and chlorophyll content of R. bourboniana was recorded and stomatal conductance was high of R. Gruss-an-Teplitz. Minerals and other chemicals concentration of all plant parts were highest under untreated wastewater. Higher nitrogen contents were found in roots of R. bourboniana; R. centifolia’s roots contained maximum Ca, Na, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Co concentration while roots of R. damascena retained maximum K and Pb level whereas, P and Fe contents were highest in roots of R. Gruss-an-Teplitz. In stems, N, K and xv Fe contents were higher in R. Gruss-an-Teplitz, Na level was maximum in R. bourboniana. P, Ca, Cu and Cr contents were highest in R. centifolia whereas, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni and Co contents were high in stems of R. damascena. In leaves, N and Na level was high in R. bourboniana while P, Ca, Fe, Zn and Ni contents were highest in R. Gruss-an-Teplitz. K and Pb level was high in leaves of R. damascena whereas Cu, Cr and Co contents were high in R. centifolia. In flowers, R. bourboniana contained high concentration of N and Na while P, Cu and Co contents were high in R. centifolia. Calcium and Zn level was at the top in leaves of R. Gruss-an-Teplitz whereas K, Fe, Pb, Cr and Ni contents were high in flowers R. damascena. Lead was the only chemical whose concentration was high in flowers of R. centifolia and R. damascena under untreated wastewater than the maximum recommended values set by WHO while other minerals and chemical levels were in permissible limit. Out of 12 essential oil components found in this study, citronellol which is the principal constituent for fragrance was highest in essential oil of R. damascena under untreated wastewater while its percentage was lowest in R. Gruss-an-Teplitz. Phenyl ethyl alcohol was main component of essential oil and its percentage was highest in R. Gruss-an-Teplitz under treated wastewater and minimum level was found in R. damascena. The other components of essential oil of all Rosa species were found in traces under all irrigation water treatments. Although statistically no significant effect of irrigation water treatments on oil components was observed however, there was quantitative difference in chemical composition and aroma constituents of essential oil of all fragrant Rosa species. From the results of present studies, it can be concluded that R. Gruss-an-Teplitz showed high degree of tolerance against contaminated water and is strongly recommended to cultivate in peri-urban areas. Moreover, treated wastewater can serves as an alternative source of canal water after management of toxic elements to save water and environment.