البعد الأخلاقي في سياسة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم

The Arab’s tribes were diverse and were scattered all over Arabia. They were alien to any system, were unfamiliar of any rules and regulations. When the prophet PBUH came to them, He gently handled them, made them lenient, gathered them at the one true platform and eventually he was succeeded in uplifting them into the bondage of brotherhood. He guided them towards the political structure so that they can live under its shadow and follow its rules and regulations. He trained amongst them Preachers, judges, leaders and politicians. He sent his messengers to all the rulers of the worlds. These messengers were able to shake the Persians and Roman thrones which were considered the greatest empires of that time. They all got united against this newly arising force which later brought the greatest revolution in the history of humankind. The solutions presented by the Prophet PBUH while confronting the challenges in spreading his message,  enjoy the political wit, which is considered far better than the wit of political scholars and political tycoons. His ability of prior reading of the incidents, uncovers his huge potential in his prior dealing of the matters and suggesting its solutions and substitutes. His policies played a vital role in establishing the prior relations with Njashi, and later to facilitate the Muslims during their first immigration towards Abyssinia from the cruelty of the idolaters. Moreover, He chose the best time for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Conquest of Mecca. He chose among his companions the one who knew the International languages and sent them as his Ambassadors to the rulers and tribal chiefs along with his written or verbal messages. He addressed the each with the method appropriate to him and suited him the best. He made best use of alliance, as he alienated the Arab tribes, from Jews and the others. In this way he was able to take a huge time to concentrate on those nations and was able to make a lot of allies. In his internal policy matters, he always tried to solve his problems, developing the society and to sabotage the malicious intentions which were planned by hypocrites, who were considered as his most dangerous enemies. His policy towards them was to admit apparently and leaving their unrevealed intentions to ALLAH. He treated them well, because he was anxious on preserving the freedom of all and the unity among his companions. When their malicious intentions started turning to become a threat to the security of Islam and started harming the interests of the society, He had not reply them strongly and dissuasively. He demolished the Mosque through which they were planning to harm the Muslim community. Moreover, he drew a line to their plans of aggression without harming anyone. He was very witty in his policies through which he was able to defeat them in the end. In this way he was able to change the course of the whole history on mankind. In this research we will try to deal with his moral wit which is considered the main characteristic of his policy.

Probing the Surface Activated Carbon Oxidation of Cycloalkanes in the Protocol of Green Chemistry

Cycloalkanes/cyclohexene, benzyl alcohol oxidation and Heck reaction have been investigated in the protocol of green chemistry using variety of catalysts such as activated carbon (AC), MOF/ZrP, Pd/Carbon dots in a self-designed batch type glass reactor. The activated carbons from peanut shells, corn cobs, spent tea leaves (STL) and olive pits have been prepared by different procedures and characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA/DTA and BET surface area and pore size analyzer. The AC from peanut shells show good catalytic activity for cyclohexane oxidation with oxygen and air, in the absence/presence of a base. While AC from corn cobs and STL are inactive under any reaction conditions. The oxidation of cyclohexane occurred on the quinonic functional groups of AC present on the surface of AC from peanut shells. The catalytic activity of AC was also screened for oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with air at mild reaction conditions. Similarly, AC from olive pits was used for adsorptive removal of toluidine blue from aqueous solution. The removal of toluidine by AC followed Temkin isotherm and first order kinetics where 83% dye was removed from the solution. Carbon dots were synthesized by a green route and Pd nanocrystals (nanocubes and octahedrons) were used for quenching of carbon dots. The green fluorescence of carbon dots vanished with quenching as Pd is a best quencher having 4D8 configuration. The uptake of nanooctahedrons was more favorable in comparison with nanocubes. Pd/C-dots were used for catalyzing Heck reaction between aryl iodide and styrene. Pd nanooctahedrons/C-dots shows 71% yield in 4 hours. Layer by layer HKUST-1 supported on zirconium phosphate has been used as catalyst for oxidation of cyclohexene in solvent free conditions. The conversion and selectivity towards products changed with the number of layers of HKUST-1 on ZrP. 92% conversion was observed with less than 1% by-products. The catalyst was found selective for allylic oxidation with molecular oxygen.