تحديات العولمة للشباب ومواجهتها في ضوء السيرة النبوية

Challenges are part of the ways of life, and the Islamic world is suffering of the rupture and differentiates internal conflicts, and the chaos of thought and delayed civilization. The most prominent of these challenges, which the Islamic world is facing, is the phenomenon of globalization. Which included the three worlds, and sought to dominate them, and melt the people’s properties and this is what precipitated the emergence of numerous drawbacks, and the researcher specially mentioned, negative aspects of identity, ethics and the environment. Young people who are the hope and asset of this nation are able to turn dreams into realities, and hopes to practical projects, and ambitions to the visible achievements. They are worthwhile, and the most capable and powerful to meet these challenges. If they grasp the necessary requirements that qualify and stables them to face it and take advantage of its goodness, and avoid disadvantage. But if they stationed, and failed to do their duty, they offered loss and destruction to themselves and nation. Curriculum should be prepared in accordance with the system of Islamic values, which are the individual configuration integrated, in belief, thought, and behavior, and attention to the development of the curriculum, and make it combines tradition and modernity, and the distinction between fixed and variable, and have superior mental abilities. All these issues are addressed in this research the negative impact of globalization on the environment, ethics and then showed the importance of taking care of the human development of young people, through various training programs that earn young people skills, science, and sophisticated learning methodical thinking, proper planning, and positive participation in society, and carry responsibility, and foster in them the ability to dialogue and to develop in them the spirit of creativity and scientific research and rational dealing with crises, and tribulations, and the ability to solve problems and meet the challenges of globalizatio

Formulation and Characterization of Various Drug Carrier Systems and Investigating Their Ability for Solubilization of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs

Poor aqueous solubilities of drug candidates limit their bioavailability. A number of delivery systems are in use to enhance the bioavailability of the drugs with poor solubility in water. The self-assemblies of hydrotropes, surfactants and oil/water micro emulsions may provide a means of enhancing solubility and enhance bioavailability of drugs. Although these drugs delivery systems are in use but the mechanism through which these delivery systems solubilize the drugs needs detail investigations. The objective of the current dissertation was to provide the understanding of the mechanism through which simple aggregates of hydrotropes, micelle of surfactants and oil in water microemulsions solubilize the drugs. For the purpose, apparent solubility of drugs namely, Meloxicam, Celecoxib, Ibuprofen and Lidocaine was determined in aqueous solution of hydrotropes, surfactants, surfactant/hydrotrope, surfactants/butanol mixtures and in oil/ water microemulsions. These mediums were tested for their ability to enhance the aqueous solubility of these water insoluble drugs. The results obtained for molar solubilization ratio (MSR), partition co-efficient (K M ) of the investigated drugs concluded that these were lower in hydrotropes as compared to the one obtained in other stated systems. Among the hydrotropes, sodium benzoate showed highest (0.006- 0.0107), whereas sodium p-toluene sulfonate (0.0014- 0.0052) the lowest MSR values. The negative values obtained for ∆G o illustrated the spontaneous mixing of these drugs in all the investigated systems. The CMC, HLB, oxyethylene units and aggregation number of surfactants along with molecular mass of the drug, polarity of the drug and the group attached to them showed a great impact over the solubility of two model drugs, Meloxicam and Celecoxib in nonionic surfactants including Tween 20, Tween 80, Brij 30, Brij 35, Triton X-100, xiv and Triton X-114. It was noted that the surfactants with high aggregation number solubilized higher amount of drugs and had higher value of MSR than others. The solubility was enhanced with the increase in number of oxyethylene units in a surfactant. The solubility was also increased with the increase in number of carbon atoms in alkyl chain of surfactants used. Similar results were observed when Lidocaine was solubilized in ionic, nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants. Among the nonionic, N,N, Dimethyledodecyle amine-N-Oxide (DDAO) whereas among ionic and zwitterionic surfactants, N,N, Dimethyldodecyle- amonio propane-sulfonate (DDAPS) surfactants showed higher ability to solubilize the model drug, Lidocaine. The addition of hydrotropes and/or butanol to aqueous solution of DDAPS showed a noticeable increase in solubility of all the investigated drugs. In case of oil/ water microemulsion, the increase in molecular mass of oil in a homologous series increased the solubility of drugs. It was also noticed that microemulsions had highest ability to solubilize the drugs among all the investigated systems. The results obtained by light scattering revealed that the addition of drugs does not increase the aggregation number and hydrodynamic radius of the surfactants micelles. However, both the aggregation number and size was increased by the addition of butanol and hydrotropes. The addition of hydrocarbon to the DDAPS/butanol mixture resulted a decrease in micellar size as well as the aggregation number. Similar observations were also made for aggregation number and hydrodynamic radius in case of Menthol or Eutectic mixtures of Lidocaine/Menthol used as an oil phase. All these observations concluded that the drugs are solubilized in inner core of micelles/aggregates of the surfactants/hydrotropes. However in case of oil/water microemulsions these were solubilized only in oil phase of microemulsions.