مجید احمد تاثیرؔ (۱۹۱۲ئ۔۱۹۸۶ئ) کا اصل نام مجید احمد اورتاثیرؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ آپ سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے ۔ میٹرک مادرِ علمی علامہ اقبال سے پاس کیا۔ ۱۹۳۳ء میں امر تسر کے ایم اے اوکالج کے طالب علم بھی رہے۔ جہاں ان دنوں ڈاکٹر رشید جہاں اور میاں ڈاکٹر محمود الظفر اُستاد تھے۔ مجید تاثیرؔ امر تسر کی ادبی محفلوں میں شعر و شاعری کرتے رہے۔ فیضؔسے ان کے پرانے تعلقات تھے۔طب کی تعلیم کے لیے تاثیر طبیہ کالج دہلی چلے گئے۔ اس زمانے میں نظم کی طرف توجہ ہوئی اور جوش ملیح آبادی سے دوستی ہوئی۔سیالکوٹ میں تاثیر نے بڑے بڑے مشاعرے کروائے۔ جن میں جوشؔ اور جگرؔ جیسے شاعروں کو مدعو کیا گیا۔(۵۶۴)
لاہور آکر تاثیر نے کچھ عرصہ ملازمت بھی کی۔ آپ نے انار کلی میں ہمدرد مطب قائم کیا۔ جو ش ملیح آبادی جب بھی لاہور آتے تھے ان کے ہمراہ جو چند اصحاب موجود رہتے تھے۔ ان میں تاثیر بھی تھے جوش صاحب مجید تاثیر کی رباعیات کی بہت زیادہ تعریف کرتے تھے۔(۵۶۵)
اُن کا شعری مجموعہ ’’رباعیات تاثیر‘‘ الوقار پبلی کیشنز لاہور نے ۲۰۰۰ء میں شائعکیا۔ یہ مجموعہ کلام رباعیات ،رومانی نظموں اور غزلیات پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس مجموعے کے دو سو سات صفحات ہیں۔اس کتاب کے آغا ز میں ڈاکٹر وحید قریشی نے ’’پیشِ لفظ‘‘ احمد ندیم قاسمی نے تعارف’’مجید احمد تاثیر‘‘ ناہید سلمیٰ نے مضمون’’ تجھے اے زندگی لائوں کہاں سے‘‘ ڈاکٹر سید عبداللہ نے تعارف کتاب’’رباعیاتِ تاثیر ‘‘ ڈاکٹر عبادت بریلوی نے تعارف’’رباعیاتِ تاثیر‘‘ اور جوش ملیح آبادی نے ’’تعارف مجید تاثیر ‘‘پیش کیا ہے۔ جوش نے تاثیرؔ کے تعارف کے ساتھ ایک رباعی بھی لکھی ہے۔ جو درج ذیل ہے:
چرخ شعر و ادب کے تارے تم ہو
جوئے قند و شکر کے دھارے تم ہو
رکھو مہ و مہر پر قدم اے تاثیر
شبیر حسن خان...
The financing operations of conventional microfinance institutions are usually based on interest (Usury/Riba) which is strictly prohibited by the Shariah of Islam, therefore, some Islamic microfinance institutions were set up in Pakistan to provide micro credit and other financial help to the deserving people based on Shariah compliant mechanism. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the social and financial performance of these microfinance institutions in Pakistan. Two separate samples containing two microfinance institutions each, representing conventional and Islamic microfinance institutions has been selected for this study. Four stars, Wasil Foundation and Akhuwat from Islamic microfinance institutions while Asasah and Community Support Concern (CSC) from conventional microfinance institutions, rated by Mix market have been selected for this research paper. The social and financial performance based on outreach, profitability, efficiency/productivity, and portfolio quality of both these microfinance institutions were studied and compared. The study revealed that Islamic MFIs were more cost effective compared to conventional MFIs based on cost per borrower (CPB) and operating expenses to assets (OEA), while on the basis of financial efficiency conventional MFIs performed well. Though the financial and social performance of both Islamic and conventional MFIs have improved over the passage of time, still they have to struggle hard on various fronts especially to improve their profitability based on ROA and ROE measures to make the institutions profitable and sustainable. This study reveals that the successful operation of Akhuwat and Wasil Foundation for the last more than a decade latterly proves that Islamic MFIs are viable and sustainable even in the absence of charging interest from their clients. So, the society and the government should encourage and promote these Shariah compliant organizations in order to help the extremely marginalized people of the society.
Citrus is one of the important fruit grown in Punjab, particularly in Sargodha region. Its export plays a vital role in Pakistan‟s economy. However it is adeversely affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, a large number of insect pests attack on citrus crop even before flowering to fruit formation which ultimately results in decreased fruit production and poor juice contents. A large number of insecticides are used to control citrus insect pests but their indiscriminate use causes environmental pollution, primary pest outbreak, secondary pest resurgence and development of resistance against insecticides. Therefore, to overcome the ill-effects of insecticides, there is a need to design a widespread integrated pest management strategy. In nature, different natural enemies play a vital role in the reduction of citrus insect pest‟s population. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens are used for biological control of different insect pests. Several natural enemies attack on various prey or host species while few are host specific such as parasitoids. Most of the parasitoids belong to family Braconidae of order Hymenoptera which contains large number of parasitoid species that successfully control several important plant pests. This family comprises of 44-47 subfamilies and about 1000 genera with over 40,000 species that are widely distributed all over the world. Prevalence of more number of species in district Sargodha provided us basic information about the efficiency of parasitoids as biocontrol agent. In this study, braconids fauna from different localities of Sargodha region were explored, with particular reference to citrus orchards. For this purpose different kinnow orchards in selected localities were selected for the collection of parasitoids and their mummies. The parasitoids were identified under the microscope using taxonomic keys. Confusing species of parasitoids were further identified by their DNA sequences. Diversity index (Simpson) method was used to find the most prevalent species in each tehsil of district Sargodha.