سید مرتضی علی دہلوی
اسی مہینہ دارالمصنفین کے ایک پرانے مخلص سید مرتضی علی صاحب دہلوی نے انتقال کیا، وہ کوئی مشہور آدمی نہ تھے، مگر اپنے اوصاف کے لحاظ سے بڑے انسان تھے، دہلی کے ایک قدیم اور اونچے خاندان سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، نواب علی حسن خاں مرحوم کے داماد تھے، دارالمصنفین کے بڑے ہمدرد ہواخواہ اور اس کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے رکن تھے، وہ جدید تعلیم یافتہ تھے، ابھی تھوڑے دن ہوئے مرکزی حکومت کے ایک بڑے عہدے سے ریٹائر ہوئے تھے لیکن بڑے دیندار اور اخلاق و شرافت کا مجسم پیکر تھے، جامع مسجد کے قریب ہی مکان تھا، اکثر نمازیں جامع مسجد میں ادا کرتے تھے، بڑے مخیر خلیق اور مہمان نواز تھے، ان کا گھر مستقل کارواں سرا تھا، بعض بعض مہمان مہینوں بلکہ برسوں مقیم رہتے تھے اور وہ بڑی خندہ پیشانی سے میزبانی کے فرائض انجام دیتے تھے، قومی و ملی اداروں اور اس کے کارکنوں سے خاص تعلق رکھتے تھے، دارالمصنفین سے ان کو بڑا مخلصانہ تعلق تھا، ہر وقت اس کی خدمت کے لیے کمربستہ رہتے تھے، غرض وہ اپنے اخلاق و سیرت میں قدیم تہذیب شرافت کا نمونہ تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی نیکیوں کے طفیل میں ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۵۶ء)
The basic concept of monotheism is found in the teachings of Guru Nanak. There are basically two doctrinal things in Sikhism. One is the belief in the oneness of God and the other is the promotion of human brotherhood. In Guru Granth Sahib, the words of some devotees also convey the idea of polytheistic beliefs. However, as far as the words and ideas of Guru Nanak are concerned, they seem to be safe from polytheism. According to Sikh Dharma, God is the Creator and Almighty of the world and he is eternal. Guru Nanak's concept of God is similar to Islam's concept of monotheism. The monotheism of Sikhism as a whole is between Islam and Hinduism. In addition to acknowledging the existence of God, Granth Sahib also acknowledges the greatness of the gods and goddesses. But Guru Nanak used to give the status of creatures to all these gods and goddesses. The philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wujud is very strong in Sikhism. But in Islam and Sikhism there is a clear difference between the interpretations of the doctrine of Wahdat-ul-Wujud and Wahdat-ul-Shuhud. Undoubtedly, Guru Nanak was deeply influenced by the concept of monotheism in Islam. Similarly, other Gurus have also stated contradictory teachings in their discourse on monotheism in Granth Sahib.
Pakistan utilizes huge amount of budget to import petroleum products from other countries because very limited resources of fossil fuels are available in country. However combustion of fossil fuel increases concentration level of greenhouse gases, those are destroying environment. There is a need of some alternate and cheaper resources of energy to overcome the deficiency of fuels. There are number of challenges for the marketable applications of the advanced technologies of fuel production which includes pretreatment methods and enzymes production. For the microbiologist and ecologist, termite gut represents an outstanding representative of highly structured micro environments and therefore also called as mini biorefineries. Because the decomposition of lignocelluloses is proficiently perform by these soil insects. A study was conducted to develop a method for the production of bioethanol from agricultural waste materials which includes corn stover, cotton stalk and rice straw by using cellulolytic bacteria from termite gut. Bacteria were isolated from termite gut and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolates were screened for CMCase and xylanase activity. Three isolates were selected among which two were bacillus sp. and the one was cellulomonas sp. Their avcilase CMCase and xylanase activities were studied on selected temperature and pH. It was found that all of the bacterial isolates have shown higher avicelase activity at 40 oC, CMCase and xylanase activity at 50 oC. Isolate 9x, 10 and 31 have shown higher avicelase activity at 7 pH, whereas CMCase activity was found to be optimum at pH 8. In case of xylanase activity isolate 9x and 10 showed higher activity at pH 6 and isolate 31 at pH 7. Biological and chemical pretreatments were compared for corn stover, cotton stalk and rice straw. Efficiency of enzymes of bacterial isolates for saccharification of agricultural substrates was assessed. It was observed that xylanase (isolate 9x) 1 2 released more sugar amount from corn stover as compared to other substrates. Direct saccharification and fermentation of corn stover and rice straw was carried out using all three bacterial isolates without using pretreatment methods. Ethanol concentration was analyzed by using High performance Liquid chromatography. It was observed that isolate 31 has produced higher amount of ethanol by using corn stover. Therefore it was found that these bacterial enzymes have the potential to hydrolyze not only pure substrates but can also degrade agricultural substrates. Bacterial isolates obtained from termite gut have potential to can convert different agricultural substrates into valuable bioproducts including various alcohols (ethanol) which may have new innovative source for producers.