مقاصد شریعت کا تصور اور ان کا اطلاق

According to Islamic Jurists the main objectives, or purpose of Islamic Law (Shariah) are the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth. These five purposes are designated as necessities of life and these are the primary purposes of the Shariah (Islamic Law). Protection of faith is the first and foremost objective of the Islamic Law as the Quran clearly mentions worship of Allah as the purpose of creation of human being.  Protection of life is the second purpose and according to Islamic teachings human life is sacred. The Quran clearly forbids taking human life of a person without justification. Protection of Intellect is the third purpose as human being has been given superiority over other creatures by virtue of intellect and reason. A Person with sound mind and intellect can think, act, react well, this is why Islam prohibits all kinds of intoxicants because they are harmful and may disturb faculty of reasoning. Protection of Progeny is the fourth purpose as Islam emphasizes on the establishment of lawful relationship between man and woman. It is the foundation for the establishment of a value-based society. Islam considers unlawful relation harmful for individuals and community. This is the reason that Islam prohibits adultery. Protection of wealth is the fifth purpose and the Islamic teachings’ emphasis on acquisition of wealth by lawful means. While the Quran enjoins that one should not earn wealth by unlawful means.  These dharurat (necessities are followed by the hajat (needs) and thasinat (complementary values). However the scope of these purposes goes beyond them and they include protection of civilization, culture, establishing peace, harmony, security, elimination of violence, maintenance of equality, and so on.  In this article all these five kinds of dharurat (necessities) have been elaborated while in the last portion a review has been carried out for their relevance and implementation in the contemporary era.

Coherent Control of Electromagnetically Induced Grating

In this PhD thesis, we investigate the coherent control of electromagnetically induced grating (EIG) through different atomic media under distinct conditions of coherence. An atom-field system which exhibits EIT acts as an EIG (atomic grating) when the traveling wave control field is replaced by a standing-wave field. The spatial modulation of the standing-wave changes the amplitude of the incident probe light field in a periodic manner similar to that as hybrid grating. The EIG and its applications have attracted researchers in various fields of science to study, for example, diffracting and switching a quantized probe field, probing the optical properties of a material, and all optical switching, routing, and light storage.Initially, we investigated the role of spatial coherence on diffraction intensity for a partially coherent incident Gaussian Schell model (GSM) beam which is diffracted from a two-level atomic grating. It is shown that the performance of the atomic grating is greatly influenced by the spectral coherence width of the partially coherent fields. It is observed that relatively large intensity of the diffracted light can be obtained via spatial coherence, beam width, interaction length, and mode index of partially coherent incident light. The scheme provides possibilities for the potential applications of atomic grating in lensless imaging using the partially coherent light field. Next, we present a scheme to realize electromagnetically induced grating in an ensemble of strongly interacting Rydberg atoms, which act as superatoms (SAs) due to the dipole blockade mechanism. The ensemble of three-level cold Rydberg-dressed (87Rb) atoms follows a cascade configuration where a strong standing-wave control field and a weak probe pulse are employed. The diffraction intensity is influenced by the strength of the probe intensity, the control field strength, and the van der Waals (vdW) interaction. It is noticed that relatively large first-order diffraction can be obtained for low-input intensity with a small vdW shift and a strong control field. The scheme can be considered as an amicable solution to realize the atomic grating at the microscopic level, which can provide background- and dark-current-free diffraction. Finally, we extend the idea of electromagnetically induced grating to exploit the realization of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) electromagnetically induced holographic imaging (EIHI) in an ensemble of strongly interacting Rydberg atoms. Here, we consider two schemes for holographic imaging; the first scheme is the direct detection of holographic imaging pattern and called as electromagnetically induced classical holographic imaging (EICHI), whereas in the second scheme entangled photon pairs are employed for the imaging and it is called as electromagnetically induced quantum holographic imaging (EIQHI). Both schemes are employed to obtain 1D and 2D holographic imaging. In EICHI and EIQHI, amplitude and phase information of EIG can be imaged with controllable image variation in size. It is noticed that holographic imaging is also influenced by vdW effect present in Rydberg atoms.