مخطوطات السيرة النبوية في الجامعات الباكستانية فى القرن العشرين

Allah Almighty has kept many sources to save his eternal message, of writings the in biography holy his and صلى الله عليه وسلم prophet his of words golden the different scholars. This shows the importance of our sacred heritage that includes the biography of the Holy Prophet ﷺ. These hand-written books (manuscripts) consist of the exegesis of Qur’ān, Jurisprudence, Principles of Exegesis of Qur’ān and Jurisprudence, morphology, syntactic and many other sciences related to Arabic language and literature. The researcher has صلى الله عليه وسلم Prophet Holy the of biography the about manuscripts the evaluated written in different universities of Pakistan during MA, MPhil, and PhD in the 20th century. The research methodology followed in the research is descriptive. Each understudy manuscript is considered from different aspects that include different features of the work done, i. E. Language of the manuscripts, details of the original text, references of Aḥādīth, pattern of footnotes, primary and secondary sources etc. The article is divided into three main sections in the following way: First deals with Islamic Arabic Manuscripts, Second are Manuscripts in Pakistani Libraries and third are would research The. صلى الله عليه وسلم Prophet the of Sirah about Manuscripts evaluated highlight value of the Manuscripts and the critical analysis of the mistakes found in Manuscripts and it would certainly improve their language, and research pattern.

Sorption and Risk Assessment of Selected Dioxins

The following research was aimed to assess the risk associated with dioxin contamination, which is a persistent organic contaminant. The first part of the study is about the possible sources of dioxin generation. Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in soil and incinerator residues. For this purpose soil from municipal waste (MW) dumping site and residues from hospital waste incinerators (HWI) and brick kilns (BK) were collected. Representative samples were quantified using the high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) 6890 Series gas chromatograph (Agilent, USA). The levels of PCDD/Fs in the samples were found in order of HWI > BK > MW site. Based on concentration of the PCDD/Fs, toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) was measured for each sample in terms of World Health Organization (WHO) and International (I), toxicity schemes. Higher contamination concentration in the ash samples of HWI resulted in higher values of TEQ; which were found in order of HWI> BK > MW site. Among the HWIs, highest values, 2343.00 ng I-TEQ Kg-1 and 2138.20 ng WHO-TEQ Kg-1 were observed for Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) in comparison with Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC), with values of 1493.53 ng I-TEQ Kg-1 and 1416.47 ng WHO-TEQ Kg-1. Second part of the study deals with the main objective of the research which is related to sorption and desorption. For this part two types of dioxins; dibenzo p dioxin (non chlorinated) and 2 Chloro dibenzo p dioxin (mono chlorinated) were used. Six different soils (SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4, SS5 and SS6), each representing a specific soil series were assessed for their sorption/desorption capacity towards dibenzo p dioxin (DD) and 2 Chloro dibenzo p dioxin (2 Cl-DD). Distribution coefficient (Kd) values were obtained from Batch sorption and desorption studies for 72 hrs (3 days) of equilibrium time. Obtained Kd values for DD and 2 Cl-DD varied from, 58-1583 LKg- 1 and 219-2623 LKg-1 respectively. Relatively high sorption was found for SS1, SS2 and SS3, among the six samples. Little variations were found among the Kd values for DD, in comparison with 2 Cl-DD ones. Freundlich and Langmuir Isotherms were applied to the data, where most of the samples fitted the Freundlich isotherm. The overall sorption capacity of selected soils was found to be low indicating a potential risk of being released to environment. Third part of the study covers the leaching part of research. As it is obvious from the sorption part that the soil series collected from KP, showed relatively low sorption capacities which indicates leaching or transport potential. Their transport or leaching under certain environmental conditions such as preferential flow can increase the risk of groundwater contamination. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) against time were plotted for selected dioxins transport prediction, based on measured distribution coefficient (Kd), dispersion coefficient (D) and retardation factor (R). Dioxin transport was measured at two different linear velocities (20 & 50 cmday-1). Attainment of equilibrium was verified to be dependent upon the Kd, R, D and chlorination on dioxin. Kunda series with low OM (0.6%), clay (0.2%) and R (377) was found to have relatively high DD transport potential under normal velocity. This behavior could be due to high dispersion values for its sandy nature. It was concluded that under rapid water or solute flow, dioxins can be leached or transported irrespective of the soil nature and dioxins chemistry.