عبدالحمیدعرفانی
عبدالحمیدعرفانی (۱۹۰۷ئ۔۱۹۹۰ئ) سیالکوٹ کے ایک گائوں مغلاں والی میں پیدا ہوئے۔عرفانی نے چکوال ہائی سکول سے میٹرک کیا۔ سکول کے زمانے میں انھیں ایسے دوست ملے جو بعد میں پاکستان کی ممتاز شخصیات میں شمار ہوئے۔ ان میں ڈاکٹر غلام سرور،کرنل محمد خان،قاضی گل محمد،خواجہ عبدالعزیز اور نیاز محمد خان قابل ذکر ہیں۔ ۱۹۵۶ء میں انھوں نے پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے فارسی میں ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔ فارسی زبان میں لکھا گیا ان کا مقالہ’’شرح احوال و آثار ملک الشعرا بہار‘‘ پنجاب یونیورسٹی کی تاریخ میں پہلا مقالہ تھا۔(۴۹۲) عرفانی ۱۹۴۵ء میں بھارت کے شہر دہلی میںمحکمہ تعلیم کی طرف سے ایرانیوں کوا نگریزی پڑھانے پر مامور ہوئے۔ ۱۹۴۹ء میں وہ ایران میں پاکستان کی طرف سے پہلے کلچرل اینڈ پریس اتاشی مقرر ہوئے۔ ۱۹۶۴ء میں حکومتِ پاکستان کے فارن پبلسٹی کے شعبہ میں ڈائریکٹر مقرر ہوئے۔ ۱۹۶۸ء میں وہ آر سی ڈی کے نمائندے کی حیثیت سے ایران میں مقیم ہوئے۔ (۴۹۳) ۱۹۵۵ء میں حکومتِ ایران کی طرف سے ’’نشان سپاس‘‘،اور’’نشانِ ورزش‘‘ عطاہوئے۔۱۹۶۲ ء میں ایران نے ان کی شاعرانہ عظمت کے اعتراف میں ’’نشان رستا خیز ملی ‘‘سے نوازا۔ ۱۹۶۶ء میں حکومت پاکستان نے انھیں ’’ستارہ امیتاز ‘‘ عطا کیا۔(۴۹۴)
خواجہ عبدالحمید عرفانی چار اردو ،بارہ فارسی اور ایک انگریزی کتاب کے مصنف ہیں۔ خواجہ عرفانی کے ’’کلیاتِ عرفانی‘‘ میں اردو فارسی شاعری کو یکجا کر دیا گیا ہے۔ حصہ اردو میں غزلیات، مانولاگ کے تراجم اور قومی نظمیں شامل ہیں۔ عرفانی نے چھٹی ساتویں جماعت میں ہی اردو اور فارسی میں شعر کہنے شروع کر دئیے۔ ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق شاعری میں ان کی اصلاح کرتے تھے۔ وہ انھیں سکول کا سب سے اچھا شاعر سمجھتے تھے۔(۴۹۵) سکول کے زمانے میں عرفانی مولانا حالی اور مرزا غالب سے بہت متاثر تھے۔ عرفانی کی قومی موضوعات پر لکھی گئی نظموں میں حالی کا رنگ...
In Islamic jurisprudence, there are different degrees of inference and reasoning. He is also a mujtahid who, while respecting the principle of a particular religion, differs from his religion only in its branches and does not go against the principles of that particular religion. There is also a mujtahid who has jurisdiction over both the principles and the rules. Such a mujtahid is not a follower of any of the jurisprudential religions. Taqi-ud-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah remarkable, recognized, and medieval Sunni Theologian, jurisconsult, logician, and great reformer today, he is known by the title of Sheikh-ul-Islam. In some sciences and arts, he had Ijtihadi abilities and practitioners. He did not spare a single minute in expressing his critical ability and competence according to his instincts in principles and disciplines. Ibn Taymiyyah's critical ability and competence were manifested in the form of differences in the scientific world of the Islamic world. Due to this, Ibn Taymiyyah faced severe criticism from the academic circles all his life. In this article, it will be reviewed that Ibn Taymiyyah's jurisprudential and doctrinal differences came to light based on ijtihad, principles and his jurisprudential position and status and method of derivation and reasoning of the issues.
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a mosquito born infectious disease. Its diagnostic is utmost important for treatment, as the symptoms of disease are quite similar to other diseases. Current pathological diagnostics methods available are reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RT-PCR is used to detect the virus itself while ELISA is used to detect non-structural protein-1 (NS1) and antibodies like immunoglobulin-M (IgM) and immunoglobulin-G (IgG). Existing methods e.g. virus isolation, RT-PCR and ELISA have certain disadvantages like more time consuming, false-positive/false-negative results and expensive as compared to Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopic technique provides molecular signatures, minimum running cost and online results. Raman spectra of biological samples combined with a suitable statistical data-mining technique like partial least squares (PLS) regression can be used to devise a new method for diagnosis of DENV infection in human blood sera. In present studies, this technique is successfully applied for the diagnostic of DENV infection based on three steps. A graphical user interface (GUI) was specially designed and its code was developed in MATLAB (Mathworks 2009a) programming language to implement PLS for the presented research work. First step: Raman spectra of ELISA confirmed NS1 positive and negative sera samples are discriminated by PLS regression. Analysis of regression coefficients, which differentiate these groups, shows an increasing trend for phosphatidylinositol, ceramide and amide-III, and a decreasing trend for thiocyanate in the DENV infected serum. Second step: Raman spectra of samples, with known value of ELISA based AI of IgM are discriminated by PLS regression. Analysis of regression coefficients revealed that concentration of asparagine, glutamate, galactosamine etc. were found to increase while concentration of fructose, cholesterol, cellobiose, and arabinose were found to decrease with increasing values of antibody index (AI) of IgM. Third step: Raman spectra of samples, with known value of ELISA based AI of IgG are discriminated by PLS regression. Analysis of regression coefficients revealed that myristic acid, coenzyme-A, alanine etc. were found to increase, while amide III, collagen, proteins, fatty acids, phospholipids and fucose were found to decrease with increasing values of AI of IgG. Raman spectroscopy provides not only the diagnosis of DENV infection, but it also enables the detailed insight of the abnormalities appearing in molecular composition of a sample. Importantly, Raman spectra @ 532 nm excitation were used to investigate the possible use of lactate as biomarker for DENV infection. It was found that spectral difference in healthy and infected samples is due to an elevated level of lactate in DENV infected group.