۵-اين
"يَقُوْلُ الْاِنْسَانُ يَوْمَىِٕذٍ اَيْنَ الْمَفَرُّ"[[1]]
"اُس وقت یہی انسان کہے گاکہاں بھاگ کر جاؤں؟"۔
Dispensation of justice is a prerequisite for any society to move forward. The concept of justice encompasses whole spheres of life. The judicial system of Islam is based on a very strong footing. According to the Sharia, testimony is one means of proof. One aspect of it is 'evidence of woman' which has been discussed by the jurists in detail. According to the majority opinion, evidence of women is acceptable only in civil cases and Ta'azirat. , while it is not acceptable for the punishment of Hudood and Qisas. They have based their opinion on some verses of the Holy Quran and the Traditions, while there is a strong opinion of some other jurists that there is no restriction on the evidence of women in all kinds of cases. This article deals with the issue in which different opinions of the jurists have been presented with their arguments
Field experiments were conducted to study the soil water dynamics and water use efficiency in maize under different irrigation practices. Spring and Summer maize crops were sown for two years. In first experiment, five treatments (flood irrigated flat, furrow irrigated ridge, furrow irrigated raised bed, furrow irrigated raised bed with plastic mulch and sprinkler irrigated flat sowing practices) were used. The results showed that evapotranspiration, grain yield, biological yield, water use efficiency (WUE),(Irrigation water use efficiency (WUEi) and harvest index depended on moisture content under different irrigation practices in both growing seasons. Flood irrigated flat treatment gave the highest evapotranspiration, leaf area index (LAI), crop cover and biological yield, but it did not produce the highest grain yield and gave relatively low WUE and WUEi. Furrow irrigated raised bed treatment significantly improved grain yield, WUE, WUEi and harvest index. The results further showed that IMANSYS model predicted strong correlation between measured and estimated net irrigation requirement and evapotranspiration with r2 values 0.99, 0.99, 0.98 and 0.9) in Spring and Summer sown maize, respectively. Second experiment was conducted to study the deficit irrigation effect on evapotranspiration, WUE and maize yield under different irrigation techniques. Spring and Summer maize crops were sown for two years. Four treatments (furrow irrigated ridge, furrow irrigated raised bed, furrow irrigated raised bed with plastic mulch and sprinkler irrigated flat sowing practices) were used along with 100, 80 and 60 % field capacity (FC). Furrow irrigated ridge (100 % FC) gave the highest evapotranspiration (436.6 and 420 mm), but did not produce the highest grain yield (5.98 and 5.86 Mg ha-1) and gave relatively low WUE (12.2 and 12.9 kg ha-1 mm-1) and WUEi (13.4 and 13.9 kg ha-1 mm-1), respectively for spring 2011 and 2012. Furrow irrigated raised bed along with plastic mulch treatment produced maximum harvest index (0.41 and 0.39) at 80 % FC. Water use efficiency (14.6 and 20.4 kg ha-1 mm-1) and irrigation water use efficiency (17.5 and 21.2 kg ha-1 mm-1) were noted under furrow irrigated raised bed along with plastic mulch and sprinkler irrigated flat treatment at 80 % FC, respectively during spring 2011 and 2012. Results further showed that IMANSYS model predicted strong correlation between measured and estimated net irrigation requirement with r2 values 0.99, 0.99 and 0.9) in Spring and Summer sown maize, respectively. Prediction of soil water contents by HYDRUS was in good agreement with in situ measured data.