امن و سلامتی کے بنیادی تقاضے اور قیام کی تدابیر

The biggest challenge of 21 st century for the humanity is to make this world a peaceful abode. The human beings are threatened by the dangerous weapons of mass destruction, invented by their own hands. On the other hand, the Islamic principles of peace are the excellent ones for the promotion of peace. The prophets (ﷺ) of Allāh Almighty always focus on the establishment of a pious and peace loving society. In this paper the author explores the measures taken by Islām for the promotion of peace, for example, Islām forbids abusing the false gods, just because it creates hatred; it does not allow to use force to coerce someone to change his or her faith; Islām teaches to do trade, share social norms, and cultural rites with other nations; it is imperative, to respect all religions; a true Muslim gives due regards to others honor, life and property, which is the key to a peaceful living; Islām stresses its followers to help each other for the noble deeds and the welfare of society. The advancement in the science and technology has transformed the world into a global village. The mutual cooperation is far more necessary for the prosperity and welfare of the human beings, now. This dream is only possible through a worldwide peace program. This program is Islām. This paper explores such possibilities in Islām for the promotion of peace and harmony in the human society.

Trade Policy Reforms, Export-Import Demand and Economic Growth Analysis With Reference to Pakistan 1981-2010

Reforms in trade policy in favor of trade liberalization Pakistan began most properly since mid of eighties. We, in this study intend to understand that how the reforms in trade policy did may affect the trade flows and economic growth of Pakistan. For the purpose, estimated export-import demand as well as Thirlwall’s model of economic growth and has assorted the thesis in total eight chapters. The empirical exercise are executed, adopting various econometric techniques includes least square method, rolling regression, ARDL and model of error correction, with the annual data of 1981 to 2010 drawn from different national and international databases. Extended trade models are developed to investigate for trade liberalization effects on exports, imports demand and to provide more reliable estimates of the price and income elasticities. We found that trade flows show different responses to the basic trade determinants and trade liberalization measures. In particular, imports are more responsive to the changes in domestic income rather than exports to the foreign income. The trade flows and exchange rates are negatively related. Both exports and imports are less responsive to the changes in real effective exchange rate or relative prices. Given that both price elasticities add more than unit, so their coefficient estimates in absolute form indicates that Pakistan satisfy ML-condition at aggregate level. Different dummies and duties ratios are used to weigh up for the impact of trade policy reforms in favor of liberalization. Among, duties ratio produces robust results and are consistent with expected negative sign. The exports and imports duties reduction have significantly changed the demand for Pg- 4 - exports and imports, with the larger impact on import demand. Furthermore, relatively liberalization of year 2003 has found more significant than year of 1991. The dummies show that the freer the trade, the higher the demand for export and imports. Finally, Thirlwall’s Law has tested for Pakistan economy using the annual data for whole sample and then sub periods. The law can be used to analyze whether economic growth constrained by the trade balance. According to the results, economic growth is constrained by the trade balance and the process of trade liberalization shows a trend increase in the rate of income elasticity for Pakistan’s import demand greater than increase in export growth. Thus, the trade liberalization impact on Pakistan’s economic growth can be esteemed as disappointing. In conclusion, the study finding is beyond than previous and has an important suggestion for the progression and extent of trade liberalization.