قیام امن کے لیے عہد رسالت ﷺکے مثالی اقدمات

A peaceful society is necessary for the development of any country and nation. Peace means rest of mind and satisfaction. Peace means to create such type of environment where each and every person can perform his or her daily functions of life without any fear and threat. To establish a peaceful society, two types of steps are required to be taken: Ideological Steps; Practical Steps The sayings, the personal character and the practical steps of fraternity and love of picture perfect a are (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Peace of Prophet the in society. The Prophet (ﷺ), through his teachings and actions, spread the sense of human rights and respect for the humanity. He taught to observe equality in law and justice. He united various nations through Mīthāq al-Madīnah. He signed contracts of peace with other nations, too. The Treaty of Ḥudaybiyah is a brilliant example of how to end war and terrorism and to initiate peace to the utmost possible extent. In the end of this discourse, it has been proved with arguments and references from history that al-Jihād al-Islāmī was used as a last resort to eradicate mischief and persecution to create peace in the land.

Deposition of Nanostructured Magnetic Thin Films

The PhD research work presented in this thesis is motivated by remarkable structural and magnetic properties of epitaxial ferromagnetic layer on semiconductor or insulator heterostructures which are important for magneto-electronic device applications. This thesis reports findings of different epitaxial heterostructures, namely Fe/MgO/GaN(0001), Ni20Fe80/MgO(111), Ni20Fe80/Si(111), and Ni20Fe80/Au/Si(111) grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). First experiment presents structural and magnetic investigation of fully epitaxial Fe/MgO/GaN heterostructure grown by molecular beam epitaxy. In-situ reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements indicate epitaxial Fe(110) films on top of an epitaxial 2 nm MgO(111) tunnel barrier on GaN(0001). X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements confirm a roughness of approximately 0.3 nm and 0.7 nm for the MgO/GaN and the Fe/MgO interfaces, respectively. Results of insitu magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements indicate that 1 nm thick Fe film shows signs of in-plane ferromagnetism at room temperature. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements determine the saturation magnetisation of the 5 nm thick film to be 1659 ± 100 emu/cm3 and show that this system has a predominant uniaxial anisotropy contribution despite the presence of cyclic twinned crystals. We estimate the values of effective uniaxial ( ) and cubic ( ) anisotropy constants to be 11700 ± 170 erg cm-3 and - 3300 ± 700 erg cm-3 by fitting the angular dependence of the magnetising energy. In the second experiment, first time epitaxial thin films of Ni80Fe20 (Permalloy, Py) are prepared using molecular beam epitaxy at room temperature on MgO(111) substrates. X-ray diffraction graphs confirm permalloy films of (111) phase having fcc structure. Phi scans at the Py (200) peak position show that the Py layer grown on MgO substrate is epitaxially oriented. Room temperature vibrating sample magnetometer measurements indicate increase in remanent and saturation magnetisation with the increase in thickness of magnetic layer. Magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements along various azimuthal angles showed dominant uniaxial anisotropy. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurement of thinnest permalloy film 0.6 nm shows an out of plane anisotropy.