آزادی اظہار کی حدود قیود: مسئلہ عصمت انبیاء اور اقوام متحدہ

West generally blames the Muslim world on the grounds that it does not accede to freedom of expression. But in fact, Islam gave the right of freedom of expression for the first time in history. In Rome before Islam was introduced, the rulers used to enslave the masses. Greek ministers, Roman Catholic pastorates, Spanish Inquisitions and the ministerial experts used to rebuff the individuals who used to articulate unapproved religious perspectives. The British Parliament passed a Bill of Rights in 1689. This bill proclaimed the right to speak freely. It returned amid the French Revolution of 1789 which declared speaking freely as a natural right of each person. As indicated by Holy Quran there might be no impulse in acknowledgment of the religion which is also proved from Sunnah and through the actions of the companions of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Blasphemy law is a law related to blasphemy, or irreverence toward holy prophets, or beliefs or religious traditions. In the provisions of Article 18 and 19 of the U.N. Charter, no limitations were made for expression which has left the room open for the defamation on name of freedom of speech. According to Islam, maintaining the honor and respect of all people is essential for regional, national and universal peace. Any articulation which abuses peace, honor and pride of any individual, race, religious gathering or any minority assembly as a rule and so forth cannot be incorporated into the meaning of flexibility of articulation or freedom of speech.

Comparison of Quality and Instructional Practices of Open and Virtual Universities in Pakistan with

The study aimed at the survey of coverage, Quality, New Trends and Instructional Practices of Open and Virtual universities in Pakistan. This study also focused upon exploring the actual impact of Open and Virtual universities in expanding access to higher education in Pakistan and identifying innovations and good practices in ICT-assisted learning in Open and Virtual universities in Pakistan. Procedure adopted for this study contained desk review, observation of PVCs, study centers, getting the opinion of students, teachers and administrators through questionnaires, interview schedule and FGDs. The study concluded that AIOU had provided wider opportunities of access to higher education in almost all disciplines of social, natural & management sciences because of its flexibility, tutorial services & regional network. On contrary Virtual University has progressed at comparatively slower pace because of being only ICT dependent. However both the universities have potential in expanding access to higher education in Pakistan at least @ 10-25% per year. The study further revealed that both the universities have jumped into the innovation and good practices of online education, video conferencing, e-assessment & e-learning in providing education at bachelor & master level. Both the universities have tremendous potential of entering into other innovations and good practices in ICT-assisted learning to compete the contemporary regime of open and virtual learning.