Health Care and Cleanliness in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The present study was conducted to probe the cleanliness in the tertiary healthcare hospitals in Peshawar-Pakistan. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 600 sampled respondents admitted in three tertiary healthcare hospitals in Peshawar i.e. Khyber Teaching hospital, Hayatabad Medical Complex and Lady Reading Hospital through proportional allocation method. The patients were very critical about the healthcare and cleanliness in the above three major hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Bi-variate analysis was made and the results reveal that hospital has clean and hygienic environment (P=0.006), Medical OPD, s were clean and tidy (P=0.000), wards were clean and well maintained (P=0.000), Toilets were clean and well maintained (P=0.000). The study recommended that hospital administration should keep focus on cleanliness in washroom, clean water and clean food to the patients.

Epidemiology, Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy of Paramphistomiasis in Sheep and Goats

Paramphistomiasis is one of the most pathogenic diseases of domestic animals causing heavy economic losses to the livestock industry accounting for several million rupees annually. Epidemiological study was undertaken at slaughter houses, in sheep and goats of four different districts of Punjab province. Infection rate in sheep was 20.7, 13.3, 30.2 and 25.2 per cent at Sargodha, Faisalabad, Gujranwala and Sialkot, respectively, whereas, in goats it was 12.6, 7.6, 23.3 and 16.7 %, respectively. It was noted that in these entire four districts infection rate was the highest during the months of August – September, while the lowest in December. As regard the overall season-wise prevalence, it was the highest during autumn followed by summer, while the lowest during spring. As regard the age-wise prevalence, it was higher in younger animals than in adults. Infection was slightly higher in males than females. Area-wise prevalence indicated that it was the highest at Gujranwala district followed by Sialkot then Sargodha, whereas the lowest at Faisalabad district. Snails have been known to play an important role as intermediate hosts for helminth parasites of animals, birds, man and fishes. Geo-climatic conditions of Punjab and utilization of rivers as a source of irrigation play an important role in dissemination of these snails. For early detection of disease the PCR method was found to be useful. Snails belonging to Pulmonata and Prosobranchia classes were collected from Sargodha, Faisalabad, Gujranwala and Sialkot districts. The prevalence of snails was the highest at Gujranwala followed by Sialkot then Sargodha while the lowest at Faisalabad. Seven genera of snails were identified i.e. Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis, Bulinus, Physa, Gyraulus, Bellamaya and Oncomelania. As regard the season wise prevalence of snails, it was the highest during summer followed by autumn then winter, whereas the lowest during spring. Meteorological factors like temperature, humidity, rainfall and pan evaporation played very important role on the causation and spread of disease and snails. Therapeutic trials by using Cannabis sativa, Centratherum anthelminiticum, Nicotiana tabacum and Oxyclozanide were conducted. For these trials eighty animals were used in eight controlled experiments to compare the efficacy of certain indigenous drugs, with an allopathic drug (Oxyclozanide) against Paramphistomiasis. Efficacy of the drugs was measured by determining the difference of eggs per gram faeces (EPG) before and after treatment. Cannabis sativa after administration of a single dose of 50 and 60 mg/kg body weight reduced EPG by 52.23 and 57.44 per cent, respectively. After the administration of second dose the reduction in EPG was 79.16 and 81.2 per cent, respectively. Efficacy of Centratherum anthelminiticum at rate of 50 and 60 mg/kg body weight was 48 and percent, respectively whereas efficacy at two dose level was 82.60 and 89.36 per cent, respectively. Nicotiana tabacum at 50 and 60 mg/kg body weight was 47.82 and 50 per cent effective respectively, whereas efficacy at two dose levels was 78.23 and 84.07 percent respectively. Oxyclozanide at one and two dose levels was 83.5 and 95.65 per cent effective, respectively. The efficacy order was Oxyclozanide Centratherum anthelminticum, Nicotiana tabacum and Cannabis sativa, No side effects were noted due to the use of any of these plant origin drug.