مولانا حبیب الرحمن خاں شروانی
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ نواب صدریار جنگ مولانا حبیب الرحمن خاں صاحب شروانی نے۸۶سال کی عمر میں وفات پائی۔۱۸۵۷ء کے ہنگامے کے بعد جن اکابر علم وادب نے اس ملک میں مسلمانوں کی نشاۃ ثانیہ کاسروسامان کیا تھا مولاناان کے زمرہ میں ایک نوجوان رفیق کی حیثیت سے شامل تھے اس لیے انھوں نے اس دور کی بہار سامانیاں خوداپنی آنکھ سے دیکھی تھیں اور اپنی خداداد صلاحیت وقابلیت سے کام لے کر ان کی تعمیر وترقی میں خود بھی عملی حصہ لیا تھا۔ مسلم یوینورسٹی علی گڑھ، ندوۃ العلما، دارالمصنفین اعظم گڑھ، مسلم ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس، دارالعلوم دیوبند،حیدرآباد کامحکمہ امور مذہبی،یہ سب ادارے مرحوم کی اصلاحی و تدبیری کاوشوں اورگوناگوں ہمدردانہ دلچسپیوں کے جولانگاہ تھے۔دولت زرکی بہتات کے ساتھ دولت علم وفضل سے بھی مالا مال تھے۔ مرحوم کاکتب خانہ ہندوستان کاایک بہترین کتب خانہ تھا جہاں ریسرچ اسکالر آکر مطالعہ وتحقیق کی تشنگی بجھاتے تھے۔ کتابوں کی حفاظت ونگرانی اوران کی ترتیب وفہرست سازی کا خاص اہتمام کرتے تھے۔ ذوق مطالعہ کایہ عالم تھا کہ ضعف ونقاہت اوربیماری کے باوجود روزانہ پندرہ گھنٹے کتب خانہ میں پابندی کے ساتھ بیٹھتے اورمطالعہ کرتے تھے۔ متعدد کتابیں اوربہتیرے مقالات بھی ان کے قلم سے نکلے،اردو کے صاحب طرز ادیب تھے۔فارسی اورعربی شعروادب کاشگفتہ ذوق رکھتے تھے۔ دین داری اورمذہبی شعائر وآداب کااحترام ان کی فطرت تھی۔ اخلاق و عادات، طورواطوار کے لحاظ سے اب سے ڈھائی تین سو برس پہلے کی اسلامی تہذیب و شرافت کازندہ نمونہ تھے،خودداری کے ساتھ ملنساری،تمکنت کے ساتھ ارباب علم وادب کے ساتھ انکساری ان کی طبیعت کاجوہر تھا۔ انھوں نے اپنے علم وفضل سے بھی خلق خدا کوفیض پہنچایا اور دولت و ثروت سے بھی،ان چند درچند خصوصیات وکمالات کے جامع ہونے کے اعتبار سے مرحوم مسلمانوں کے اس دور میمون و مبارک کی یادگار تھے...
Sabab al-Nuzūl (cause of revelation) in Qur'anic studies means the time, context, cause, and the situation in which Allah has revealed verses. Cause of revelation has an important role in the interpretation of Qur’ān. Nevertheless, most of the verses and suras of Qur’ān are revealed independent of events, these verses are revealed to fulfill the general aim of Waḥī which is the guidance of people. Such knowledge is an invaluable tool for grasping the meaning of this type of Qur’ānic verse. Many Muslim scholars consider the studying of Asbāb alNuzūl and their related discussions as necessary. Some exegetes have written books studying the subject. The earliest and the most important work in this genre is undoubtedly Kitab Asbāb al-Nuzūl (Book of Occasions of Revelation) of ‘Alī bin Aḥmad al-Wāḥidī (d. 1075 CE). Another important work is by al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505 CE) which is a slight improvement of al-Wāḥidī’s book. In this paper descriptive method and comparative study are used to analysis traditions of revelation and their effects on Tafsīr literature. This paper proves the value of the causes of revelation in Qur’ānic Interptation and their effects on Tafsīr Literature, so that verification and authencity of traditions of causes of revelation are mandatory for Tafsīr.
This research study explores the integration, the degree of implementation of Lean and Agile improvement initiatives and their impact on business performance in Apparel export industry of Pakistan. Lean and Agile improvement initiatives have emerged as 21st century manufacturing paradigms. Lean and Agile Manufacturing are well recognized as improvement initiatives in the field of Operations’ Management that organizations pursuit to achieve competitiveness. An explicit understanding of inter-relationship of these improvement initiatives still lacks in the field of Operations Management and vagueness exists, whether Lean (Total Quality Management & Just-in-Time) and Agile Manufacturing are mutually supportive, mutually exclusive or one is antecedent to the other. Moreover, if antecedent to each other, then question arises which component is antecedent to the other? A 3-Stage Conceptual Framework is proposed to investigate the inter-relationship between Lean (Total Quality Management & Just-in-Time) and Agile Manufacturing and their impact on business performance in Apparel export industry of Pakistan. The proposed conceptual framework incorporates management and common infrastructure (internal and external) practices required to enable core Lean (Total Quality Management & Just-in-Time) and Core Agile Manufacturing. Stage-1 is organization culture stage, stage-2 is core manufacturing and stage-3 constitutes of business performance measures. A set of Management, Common Infrastructure (internal and external) practices, and Core Total Quality Management, Core Just-in-Time and Core Agile Manufacturing practices is identified through literature review. The proposed framework fit is assessed by employing three forms (Universal, Contingency and Configurational perspectives) of fit. A survey from 248 Apparel export firms of Pakistan is performed to test empirical validity of the conceptual framework. Multi-items constructs already developed are used to measure these practices. Moreover, Core Agile Manufacturing construct comprising three sub-dimensions (Change Proficiency, Knowledge Management and Advance Manufacturing Technology) is developed and its psychometric properties are empirically validated. The proposed framework fitness, employing five forms of fit (Direct Covariation, Mediation, Moderation, Profile Deviation and Gestalt), is tested using multiple analysis methods like Structural Equation Modeling (Covariance Base and Partial Least Squares) for direct covariation, indirect covariation (mediation) and moderation fit, multiple regression analysis for profile deviation fit and discriminant analysis for gestalt fit. At macro level, the xxii proposed framework is partially modified as Core Just-in-Time practices fail to directly link with Core Agile Manufacturing practices. However, the same is redirected through common external infrastructure practices based on theoretical justification. Moreover, core Total Quality Management and Core Just-in-Time practices fail to contribute directly in Operational Performance, nonetheless, Core Agile Manufacturing practices positively mediate the same relationship. At micro level, top management commitment, inward focus (strategic vision and planning, employees training and empowerment, information system), outward focus (relationship with customer and suppliers), and Core Agile Manufacturing (change proficiency, knowledge management and advance manufacturing technology) significantly differentiate between high and low performers. Modified framework is also tested under organizational and business environmental contexts. Firm size, ISO-9001 Registration, competitive pressures, market dynamics and technological turbulence moderate the mutual relationship among management, common infrastructure (internal and external), and core manufacturing practices and impact on business performance. The final 3-stage empirically validated framework provides a strategic direction, at macro (system) and micro (sub-system) level, to the managers of Apparel export industry of Pakistan in particular, and manufacturing managers in general, to remain competitive and achieve business performance milestones (Operational Performance, Market Performance & Financial Performance). Overall, this research study resolves the long outstanding and conflicting issue in the field of Operations’ Management and provides a detailed theoretical and empirical justification for Lean (Total Quality Management & Just-in-Time) and Agile Manufacturing implementation under universal, contingency and configurational perspectives in Apparel export industry of Pakistan. Moreover, this study contributes in the field of Operations’ Management explicitly establishing that Core Lean (Total Quality Management & Just-in-Time) is antecedent to Core Agile Manufacturing and both paradigms in combination increase business performance.