قرآن کریم میں مذکورہ انبیا ء کرام کے واقعات سراغ رسانی

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department is related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of Intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article narrates the history of espionage, which is as old as the history of mankind itself. Five thousand years ago, the Egyptians has a well-organized secret service. In the ancient western country, it was called as; hakim’, in Spain (Undles) as ‘Sahib al Madina’, in Tunis as ‘Ray’ and in Iran the as “Areef”. Nowadays it is known as ‘Muqadama-Tul-Haaraat’, Salaf-Us-Saliheen calls its “Shurtaa” and some calls it as ‘Sahib al-us-us’ as they use to move throughout the night to look for anti-state elements. The first ever victim of intelligence warfare was Hazrat Adam (A) where Satan revolt against him. Similarly, the incident of Hazrat Yousaf (A) is the indication of old age practice of espionage. Due to jealousy, his brothers sold him as slave and told their father that he has been eaten alive by a wolf. Hazrat Musa (A) had his network of espionage. Even birds had been used for spying, like in the case of Hazrat Suleman (A) where he was informed by the hopp bird about the Queen of Saba. The study of the Bible reveals that instead of Hazrat Eessa (A), Yehuda Skruti was crucified but still nobody knows for sure that whether he was a true follower of the Jesus or was an implanted agent of the Romans Intelligence Agency. Anyhow, Bible declared him as a Roman spy. The ongoing tribal wars in ancient Arabs further emphasized this activity. The rest of the world had already well developed intelligence system. But in Arab, it was in its development phase and it was the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who got it from his ancestors and developed it. In addition to the intelligence systems of the early prophets, the relevant events in the realm of Nijashi of Habsha and Alexander the Great, have been narrated in this article.

Organotin Iv Complexes With O’O Donor Atoms from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

In the present study, a series of tri- and diorganotin(IV) carboxylates have been synthe sized by the reaction of tri- and diorganotin(IV) chlorides/oxides with substituted phenylethanoic acids/salts and α-alkyl cinnamic acids/salts in dry toluene under reflux condition for 8-10 h. The ligands used were 4-Methoxyphenylethanoic acid (HL 1 ), 4- Nitrophenylethanoic acid (HL 2 ), 4-Chlorophenylethanoic acid (HL 3 ), 3-Methylphenyl ethanoic acid (HL 4 ), 3-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-ethylacrylic acid (HL 5 ), 3-(4-Bromophenyl) -2-methylacrylic acid (HL 6 ), 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-methylacrylic acid (HL 7 ), 3-(4- Chlorophenyl)-2-ethylacrylic acid (HL 8 ), 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-methylacrylic acid (HL 9 ) and 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-ethylacrylic acid (HL 10 ). The composition, coordination mode of ligands, structural confirmation and geometry assignment of the complexes in solid and in solution states were made by different analytical techniques such as elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear ( 1 H, 13 C and 119 Sn) NMR, mass spectrometry and X-ray single crystal analysis. Based on these results, the ligand appeared to coordinate the Sn atom via COO moiety. The triorganotin(IV) derivatives demonstrate polymeric trigonal bipyramidal geometry in solid state and a monomeric tetrahedral structure in solution. The diorganotin(IV) dicarboxylates have shown a distorted octahedral or skew- trapezoidal geometry in solid state, however, the coordination around Sn change from six to five in solution, in most cases. The interaction of (n-C 4 H 9 ) 3 Sn(IV)L, (CH 3 ) 3 Sn(IV)L, (n-C 4 H 9 ) 2 (IV)SnL 2 and (C 2 H 5 ) 2 Sn(IV)L 2 (where L = 4-nitrophenylethanoate) with DNA was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The positive peak potential shift in CV evidenced intercalative mode of interaction of these complexes with DNA. The CV results revealed the following increasing order of binding strength: (C 2 H 5 ) 2 Sn(IV)L 2 (8.5 x 10 3 ) < (n-C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn(IV)L 2 (1.11 x 10 4 ) < (CH 3 ) 3 Sn(IV)L (1.39 x 10 4 ) < (n- C 4 H 9 ) 3 Sn(IV)L (1.46 x 10 4 ) M -1 . The negative values of ∆G designate the spontaneity of complex-DNA binding. Most of the synthesized complexes were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against various medically important bacteria and fungi. The triorganotin(IV) derivatives have strong bactericidal and fungicidal action than diorganotin(IV) complexes with few exceptions. Some of the compounds were found to have antimicrobial activity comparable or even more than reference drugs and may be used as drugs in future. Some complexes have shown higher cytotoxicity(against iiBrine shrimp) than standard drug while only compound 10 was found stronger anticancer agent against human prostate cell lines(PC-3).