منظر نگاری:
اختر الایمان نے جو منظر کشی کی ہے وہ المناک ہوتے ہوئے بھی دل فریب ہے۔اس نظم میں شاعر نے کہیں دور اشارہ کر کے ایک مسجد کی نشاندہی کی ہے۔ برگدی گھنی چھاؤں میں ماضی اور حال گناہگار نمازی کی طرح رات کی تاریک کفن کے نیچے اپنے اعمال پر آہ و زاری کرتے ہیں۔ اسی برگد کی چھاؤں میں ایک ویران سی مسجد ہے جس کا ٹوٹا ہوا کلس پاس بہتی ہوئی ندی کو تکا کرتا ہے۔ اسی مسجد کی ٹوٹی ہوئی دیوار پر کوئی الّو (چنڈول) کوئی پھیکا سا گیت چھیڑ دیا کرتا ہے۔
دور برگد کی گھنی چھاؤں میں خاموش و ملول
جس جگہ رات کے تاریک کفن کے نیچے
ماضی و حال گنہ گار نمازی کی طرح
اپنے اعمال پہ رو لیتے ہیں چپکے چپکے
تشبیہات کا استعمال:
اس نظم میں برگدی گھنی چھاؤں ماضی سے مشابہ ہے۔ رات کو تاریک کفن سے موسوم کیا گیا ہے۔ ماضی و حال کا خاموش و ملول ہونا، شکستہ کلس کا ندی کو تکنا ، بے بسی، مایوسی اورپاسیت کو واضح کرتا ہے۔ چنڈول ایک منحوس پرندہ مانا جاتا ہے اور پھر اس الّو کا کوئی پھیکا سا گیت چھیڑنا یہ بھی توجہ طلب ہے۔ شاعر نے نظم میں ڈوبتے سورج کے لئے ’ سورج کے وداعی انفاس‘کا استعمال کیاہے جس سے اس بات کا اندازہ ہوتا ہے کہ قدرت نے بھی اس مسجد کی طرف منہ موڑ لیا ہے۔
ایک ویران سی مسجد کا شکستہ سا کلس
پاس بہتی ہوئی ندی کو تکا کرتا ہے
اور ٹوٹی ہوئی دیوار پہ چنڈول کبھی
گیت پھیکا سا کوئی چھیڑ دیا کرتا ہے
تجسیم نگاری:
نظم میں جوسب سے بڑی فن کاری دکھائی گئی ہے وہ یہ ہے کہ اس دعاؤں کوسننے والا کوئی شخص نہیں بلکہ ان دعاؤں کے گواہ شام و سحر ہیں...
Introduction: Adaptive expertise is the ability of individuals to create innovative solutions when they come across novel problems or workplace challenges. Clinicians are often adept at handling routine clinical procedures but lack confidence and a proper strategy when previously un-encountered situations arise. Lots of research has been conducted on basic concepts and development of adaptive expertise however major chunk of literature belongs to non- medical fields. Little is studied about assessment of adaptive expertise in medical professionals and postgraduate residents. Objective: To measure adaptive expertise (AE) of radiology residents and to assess any association between the AE of postgraduate radiology residents (PGR) and their years of training. Methods: This multicenter correlational study involved 181 radiology residents from nine major teaching hospital of Lahore, Pakistan from May to October 2019. Katerina Bohle Carbonell Adaptive Expertise Inventory was used as a data collection tool. The questionnaire contained a total of eleven items encompassing two dimensions of AE: domain-specific and innovative skills. Total scores representing AE of PGRs were measured. AE scores and years of training were correlated using Spearman rho correlation. One-way ANOVA was conducted to further evaluate the association between AE and years of postgraduate training. Results: Out of 181 residents there were 78 (43.1%) males and 103 (56.9%) females. Most of them, 97 (53.6%) were enrolled in four years fellowship (FCPS) program and 62 (34.3%) were in the first year of their residency. Total AE scores of all radiology residents ranged from 33 to 54. AE scores and years of residency were positively correlated (rs= 0.4, p < 0.01). One-way ANOVA and Post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD test further revealed significant pairwise differences between mean scores of residents’ groups (p = < 0.05) rejecting the null hypothesis. Conclusion: Overall, this study concludes that residents acquire adaptive expertise perpetually with progression in their training. KEYWORDS: Adaptive Expertise (AE), Radiology, Postgraduate Residents (PGRs)
PakistanstandsfifthamongleadingdateproducingnationsgloballywithprovinceofBaluchistan as the leading contributor. The long history of date palm cultivation in Baluchistan and its geo-political position in relation to Iran and Oman signifies its importance for diversity analysis. The present study was designed to examine the nature and level of genetic diversity in date palm collected from Baluchistan to explore its potential as a center of origin which is currently unclear. Fifty-two microsatellite markers were used to analyze the geneticrelationshipamonghundred(sixtyonefromBaluchistanandthirtyninefromPunjab) date palm cultivars. Different diversity indices were calculated for Baluchistan accessions and then compared them with Punjab genotypes. The results highlighted the presence of rich allelic diversity and high variation within the Baluchistan germplasm as compared to Punjab. The cluster analysis divided the entire population of hundred genotypes from both regions into seven groups with 50% admixed lines. The structure approach identified low levels of geographical structuring and suggested that mixed geographical distribution may be the result of gene flow between two regions. The variation detected through SSR markers highlighted that Baluchistan is rich in date palm diversity and it could be one of the regions claiming their position as centre of diversity especially in eastern gene pool. The estimated diversity could also be used for future breeding programs, association mapping, gene cloning and germplasm conservation. Punjab germplasm was also studied for morphologicalvariationforthirtytwoqualitativeandquantitativetraits. Theclusteringanalysis showed that the distribution of the cultivars into groups was independent of geographical origin. Angoor (Muzaffargarh) genotype showed good performance with regard to fruit width and petiole width. While Akhrot (Muzaffargarh) genotype had high statistic contributionof flesh taste. The resultssuggestedthat Muzaffargarhgermplasm was more diverse thanJhangandBahawalpur. Socialdataaboutcropdiversityandsocialimportancerevealed that growers used to cultivate different date palm cultivars on the basis of preferences and usage. Begum Jangi was the most preferred variety by all the respondents because of its high production potential and its longer storage time. The coefficients associated with the farming experience, income , education, age of trees and number of trees showed statistically significant and positive effect on the number of genotypes grown. While negative relation of education with number of genotypes was observed.