زبان اور نئے بیانئے کی تشکیل کا مسئلہ
ڈاکٹر صلاح الدین درویش
کہا جاتا ہے کہ انسان کی سب سے عظیم ترین دریافت زبان ہے جو کبھی تصویر کی صورت میں ہوا کرتی تھی،پھر تقریر کی صورت میں ترقی کرتی چلی گئی اور آخر میں تحریر کے فن نے زبان کے ذریعے انسانی عزم و ہمت کی طویل ترین تاریخ کو محفوظ بنانا شروع کر دیا۔یہی زبان قبائلی ،قومی اور ریاستی سطح پر وحدت کی علامت بننے کے ساتھ سیاسی، سماجی اور معاشی رابطہ کاری کے عمل کے ذریعے ان سب کے درمیان فکری روابط کو مؤثر بنانے کا باعث بنتی چلی گئی۔زبان کی اِس فکری بنیاد نے علوم کے مختلف شعبون میں مباحث و نظریات کے متنوع دفاتر کے انبار لگا دیے۔ علم کے ہر شعبے نے مختلف علوم کے دیگر مباحث و نظریات سے اِسی زبان ہی کے طفیل استفادہ کیا۔ یوں تمام علوم کے درمیان زبان ایک مضبوط ترین پُل کی صورت اختیار کرتی چلی گئی۔اِس حوالے سے زبان کی تاریخ کو بیان کرنا اِس مضمون کا مقصود نہیں ہے۔ ماہرینِ لسانیات اور اینتھراپالوجسٹ(Anthrapologist) اپنے بہترین تحقیقی مقالے دنیا کے سامنے پیش کر چکے ہیں۔ اِس مضمون میں صرف زبان کے ثقافتی مضمرات سے بحث کی جائے گی۔
ثقافت کسی قوم کے تمدنی اظہارات کا نام ہے۔ جس میں رسوم و رواج، میلے ٹھیلے،مذہبی عبادات کے طریقے،ادب و شعر کی دنیا، فنونِ لطیفہ،نشست و طعام کا سلیقہ، رہن سہن، آرائش و زیبائش کا ذوق، لباس، گھرداری سے لے کر کاروبار اور گلیوں محلّوں میں بسر ہونے والی زندگی کا مخصوص انداز سب شامل ہے۔ طبقاتی تنوع بھی اِسی ثقافت کے مختلف رنگوں کا اظہار ہوتا ہے۔ یہی اُصول شہری و دیہی زندگی میں ثقافت کے فرق کو بھی نمایاں کرتا چلا جاتا ہے۔ شہری...
The book “Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah” is a famous book of Ibn Ḥajar ‘Asqalānī on the life and contribution of the Companions. This book is quoted as a reference to decide the status of companions. It would not be wrong to call it the encyclopedia of the companions of the Holy Prophetﷺ. Apart from its status as a reference book regarding the companions this book encompasses the Seerah of Holy Prophet in a detailed and well composed manner. The distinction of the book is not hidden from the experts of science and research. In the book and other similar books, the life of the companions was discussed and the biography of the Prophet ﷺwas also described, but another aspect that remained unexplored in these books is the virtues and commandments mentioned in it. There are also narrations about virtues. In this paper the researcher has evaluated the Hadiths related to prayer and fasting that are narrated in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah. The evaluation comprises of authenticity of narrators and text, narrators’ mutual association or disassociation and the final decree about the authenticity of a hadith in the light of all available evidences.
Metal contamination of urban and agricultural soil is a potential threat for human health. With increasing population, human activities like rapid industrialization, unchecked urbanization and agricultural activities significantly contribute to the heavy metal pollution. Metal contaminants present in environment can enter into the food web so cause harmful effects on living organisms. The present proposal aims to address the heavy metals pollution like Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Arsenic (As) in soil, and bioaccumulation of these metals in soil dwelling organisms ?earthworms?. For this purpose, 40 sites were selected including urban, agricultural, industrial land forest areas. Briefly, soil samples and earthworms were collected from selected sites and stored under standardize conditions. Soil digests, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extracts and earthworms? digests were prepared using acids under standard lab conditions. The digests and extracts were assessed for heavy metal contamination by the use of atomic absorption spectrophotometer following the standard protocols. We found that high levels of metal contaminant were present in selected samples of soil of industrial and urban areas. The highest concentration of Chromium was found in industrial soil samples (mean 2352 ?g/g). Additionally, the bioaccumulation of these metals in earthworms also showed significant concentrations. However, the soil and earthworm samples from agricultural and forest areas had comparatively low level of heavy metals. These results indicate that industrial and urban areas of district Kasur are affected in terms of heavy metal pollution due to excessive anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, bio-accumulation of these heavy metals in earthworms serves as a useful bio-indicator of soil pollution. . The average range of heavy metals in soil of industrial areas were; Cd (26.931?g/g), Cr (2352.3?g/g), As (21.62?g/g) and Pb (6.64?g/g) whereas in earthworms from industrial areas were; Cd (33.43?g/g), Cr (31.085?g/g), As (0.30?g/g) and Pb (11.45?g/g). Similarly the average range of heavy metals in soil in urban areas were; Cd (18.153?g/g), Cr (1354.9?g/g), As (22.824?g/g) and Pb (30.612?g/g), whereas in earthworms from urban areas were; Cd (23.206?g/g), Cr (17.215?g/g), As (0.27?g/g) and Pb (11.89?g/g).The total accumulation rate of cadmium, lead, chromium and arsenic in the biomass of the earthworms was significantly higher in industrial and urban areas of Kasur rather than agricultural and forests.