The Aims of the Prophetic Hijrah and its Teaching and Guidance

The aim of Hijrah is not to run away from problem that occurred in the process of giving da'wah, but rather to establish the resolve in solving the problem. Hijrah as a movement carried out by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions from Makkah to Madinah, aimed to keep, maintain and uphold the message of Allah, in the form of Islamic aqeedah and shari’a, in order to achieve the mercy and pleasure of Allah SWT. This move, as we can see in the seerah, later brought a great impact to the success of the Islamic da’wah which was increasingly evolving. Hence the fundamental problem that has led to the migration has been solved. In fact, the Hijrah brought a significant impact not just to the Islamic world but also to world civilisation. The story and background of the migration of Rasulullah (PBUH) from Makkah to Madinah is touched in this writing to show that there were a lot of lessons and guidance that can be inferred. It did not merely signify a final destination for Makkah Muslims, but was also the beginning of a continuous effort to establish a strong and resilient ummah. The event of Hijrah in fact had changed the world after that forever. It highlighted the perseverance of the Rasulullah (PBUH) and the early Muslims through the difficult times. Hijrah demonstrates that for people with faith, there is hope for ease after difficulties. There was also a great unity model among Muslims of different backgrounds. The Hijrah had also marked the beginning of the Islamic State under the leadership of Rasulullah (PBUH) which then became a reference for all state governance everywhere in the future

Synthesis of Metal Halide Perovskite Materials for Light Harvesting Applications

The work described here deals with the synthesis and characterization of inorganic and hybrid perovskite for light harvesting applications. The inorganic lead and copper based metal halide perovskites were prepared and their fluorescent sensing ability was explored. The all-inorganic bulk CsCuCl3 and CsCuBr3 perovskites were synthesized by wet chemical method and were used for sensing of lead ions and aqueous contamination in DMF respectively. On the other hand, aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) technique was adopted to fabricate thin films of CsPbBr2I. The oleylamine capping agent facilitates the formation of morphological controlled microsquares on the glass substrate. In addition, nanosquares of CsPbBr2I perovskite were prepared by wet chemical approach. Furthermore, phase pure micro sized crystals of CsPbBr2I were obtained by using TOP as antisolvent as well as capping agent to control morphology of microcrystals. These microcrystals were then used for nitrophenol detection. The CsPbBr2I bulk perovskite were used to fabricate ZnO based planner solar cell which have shown promising power conversion efficiency of 4.8%. The as-prepared metal halide perovskite were characterized by powdered X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (pXRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, thermal and water stable OHNH3PbX3 hybrid perovskites were prepared for photocatalysis application to degrade dye molecules. Whereas, the synthesis of (Cs)x(PhNH3)2-xPbBr4-xIx perovskite nanoparticles were performed to develop qusai-2D structures. The replacement of B site cations to develop lead free CH3NH3Pb1-xCuxBr3 hybrid perovskites was described. The gradual replacement of lead with copper leads to the formation of lead free hybrid perovskite nanoparticles and thin film. These hybrid perovskites have shown interesting optical properties.