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The Rise and Role of Awami National Party

Thesis Info

Author

Yousafzai Nasrullah Khan

Department

National Institute of Pakistan Studies, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1998

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

150

Subject

Pakistan Studies

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil PAK/65

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676719327419

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زندہ ہے بھٹو

زندہ ہے بھٹو

                                                                                                                رضا زیدی

سیدھی بات ہے جو موت کو ،امیر المومنین علی ؑ کی سنت پر دلیری سے عمل پیرا ہوتے ہوئے ۔کامیابی سمجھ کر گلے سے لگائے وہ بھٹو بن جا تا ہے ۔اس کی زندگی کا مذاق اڑانے یا جلنے والے جلتے جلتے مر جاتے ہیں ۔مٹ جاتے ہیں اور بھٹو گردشِ لیل و نہارکے ساتھ ساتھ اپنی زندگی ،اپنے وجود اور اپنی خوشبو محسوس کراتا رہتا ہے ۔۔۔۔زندہ ہے بھٹو جلنے والے دفع دور رہیں ۔

جب تک سورج رہے گا

بھٹو تیرا نام رہے گا

یہ شخص ایک شکست خوردہ ملک کا سربراہ تھا ۔سامنے والی خاتون فاتح تھی اور اس کی قید میں اس شخص کی نوے ہزار سپاہ تھی اور اس کی زمین کا خاطر خواہ حصہ اس خاتون کے قبضے میں تھا ۔پھر بھی اس شخص کے چہرے پر اعتماد اطمینان اور اس کی بدن بولی دیکھیے ۔ایک شکست خوردہ ملک کا صدر مذکرات کی میز پر وہ سب کچھ جیت گیا جو ہم ممیدانِ جنگ میں ہار چکے تھے ۔

 

Interfaith Marriages in Islam: A Case Study of Christian Wives of Muslim Rulers

Force Conversion is adaptation of a different religion or irreligion under duress. Some who have been forced to convert may continue, covertly with the beliefs and practices originally held, while outwardly behaving as converts. At many places the Orientalists put the statement that Islam basic purpose is to establish sovereignty throughout the globe and its primary purport deals with ‘authority’, ‘political’ and ‘economic’ matters for which it also used force for the implementation. Although it is an erroneous statement as Islam’s basic purport is religious, pure and simple; it deals with other social issues. While Islam stressed upon free will and there is no restriction in accepting other religions. As other religions are not in pure form now and Islam is being preserved by Allāh, so it teaches to submit oneself to the Will of Allāh. The early converts to Islam were the Prophet (peace be upon him) close friends Abu Bakr (may Allāh be pleased with her) and his family members in which his faithful wife Khadija (may Allāh be pleased with her), his cousin Ali were on the top, sand his slave Zayed. None of them argued and accepted Islam immediately. Among them Abu Bakr (peace be upon him) enjoyed prominent place among Arabs and with his influence five people accept Islam in which Sa’ad, Zobeir, Talha, Othman and Abd-al-Rahman who were member of prominent families. Abdul Rahman converted four people of his family. Likewise Bilal (may Allāh be pleased with her) was the first slave, ransomed by Abu Bakr (may Allāh be pleased with her). These early converts of Islam were men of piety and dignity.1

Physiological and Molecular Studies of Tomato under Salinity Stress

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the effect of salt stress on the physiology of twelve genotypes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), to study the genetic diversity among these genotypes and to transfer salt tolerant gene in the selected genotype through Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation method. The seeds of different tomato genotypes were obtained from Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad and from Horticulture Research institute (HRI), NARC, Islamabad. First experiment comprises study of plant growth, ionic content, ABA content of shoot and root and proline content at four different NaCl salinity level. The genotypes Avinash, NTH242 and Gol performed better at higher salt concentration as indicated by less inhibition of plant height, shoot and root fresh weight and shoot and root dry weight. There was less translocation of Na + to shoot but greater accumulation of K + and Ca 2+ concomitant with higher production of osmoregulant (proline) and endogenous ABA accumulation in shoot was recorded. Second experiment was conducted to study the genetic diversity among the twelve tomato genotypes through randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analyses. Twelve tomato genotypes were grouped in four clusters at similarity coefficient value of 0.88 on the basis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Cluster-I consisted of a single tomato genotype “NTH-242”. Cluster-II of three tomato genotypes Lyp No.1, BARI, Roma and Cluster-III grouped Pakit and Riogrande together. Cluster-IV composed of maximum tomato genotypes i.e. 88572, Gol, Nagina, Checo, Pant Bahar and Avinash. Third experiment deals with Agrobacterium mediated transformation of DREB 1A gene in tomato using tissue culture. Prior to transformation three tomato genotypes were subjected to tissue culture studies to select the best genotype for callus induction and regeneration. Hypocotyls and leaf discs were used as explant source and inoculated on Murashige and Skoog media having different hormonal combinations. The callus induction and regeneration frequency varied among genotypes and it was concluded that hypocotyls of tomato genotype Avinash produced maximum callus induction and regeneration frequency on MS media xiiisupplemented with IAA (0.5 mg/l) and Kin (1.5 mg/l). Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation was carried out in tomato genotype Avinash to transfer DREB 1A gene tolerant to salt stress. During the study it was observed that two min infection time with Agrobacterium, two days for co-cultivation, Acetosyringone @ 50 μM in co-cultivated media and 50 mg/l hygromycin in selection media was optimum for high frequency transformation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was conducted to confirm trasfomants by amplification of 500 bp size DNA fragment for hygromycin resistance gene.