شاہ نادر خان
حادثۂ افغانستان
اکتوبر ۱۹۳۳ء میں افغانستان کو جاتے ہوئے، نومبر کے لئے جب میں شذرات قلمبند کررہا تھا تو یہ خیال نہ تھا کہ میری واپسی اس قدر جلد ہوگی اور اسی طرح ۳۰؍ اکتوبر کی صبح کو کابل سے روانہ ہوتے ہوئے یہ خیال بھی نہ تھا کہ ۸؍ نومبر ۱۹۳۳ء کو سہ پہر کو افغانستان میں یہ عظیم الشان واقعہ پیش آئے گا، ۳؍ نومبر کی رات کو غزنین و قندھار و چمن ہوکر میں اور ڈاکٹر سر اقبال کوئٹہ پہنچے اور میں ملتان میں دو روز ٹھہر کر ۸ کی دوپہر کو لکھنؤ پہنچا اور ۹ کی صبح کو شاہ نادر خاں کی شہادت کی وہ خبر سنی جس کا وہم و گمان بھی نہ تھا۔
افغانستان کی سرزمین ناگہانی سیاسی واقعات کے ظہور کے لیے ہمیشہ سے مشہور ہے، مگر آج جب دشمن ہر قدم پر کمین میں ہیں، اس قسم کے واقعہ کا پیش آنا حد درجہ افسوسناک ہے، افسوس اشخاص کی حیات و موت کا اتنا نہیں، جتنا افغان قوم کی حیات و موت کا ہے۔
ہم کو معلوم ہے کہ اس وقت ملک کی ترقی کے لئے وہاں کیا کیا تدابیر زیر غور تھیں، مگر افسوس کہ واقعات نے اب نیا پہلو بدلا ہے تاہم ہم کو امید ہے کہ موجودہ کار فرمایان حکومت کی دانشمندی سے مصیبت کی وہ بلائیں افغانستان کے سرسے دور ہوجائیں گی، جو اس وقت منڈلا رہی ہیں۔
دعا ہے کہ شاہ شہید کو مغفرت اور ملک کو امن و امان نصیب ہو۔
(سید سلیمان ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۳۳ء)
This study aims to prove that the Parenthetical Sentences in the Quran are not a way to improve the beauty of literature, but if they appeared in a convenient location they became the requirements of the text. The main findings of this study include the parenthetical sentences in the Holy Quran characterized by specific semantics which is known by the context of Ayat and not only because of assertion, embellishment or clarification. These sentences would inspire the attention from the reciter of Quran to think of the underlying meaning. The parenthetical sentences in Quran cannot be nullified as this will divert the true meaning of Ayat e Kareemas.
This dissertation was aimed to investigate the thermophysical properties of commercial building materials and lab-made bio-waste added fired clay bricks for sustainable energy conservation in buildings. The commercial bricks were intentionally saturated by NaCl solutions of different molar concentrations (0-5 M) for 10 days and then freeze-dried for halite crystallization. Lab-made bricks were prepared by addition of tea-waste, sawdust, and wheat straw in different proportions into the clay. The composite clay bricks were dried and then, sintered in an electric furnace at two different temperatures (500°C and 980°C). Different building stones were taken from market whereas limestones differing in elevation range were taken from a mountain. The thermal properties of building materials were measured by Transient Plane Source (TPS) technique and ASTM standards were followed for physical characterization of the brick samples. The proximate analysis, FTIR, SEM-EDS, XRD analysis, and SEM analysis were carried out to elaborate the chemical, mineral, structural and morphological properties of the samples. Results showed that the moisture and NaCl concentration significantly increased thermophysical properties of brick samples and this adverse effect was discussed by considering thermal properties of NaCl solutions, diffusion rate and saturation period. While thermophysical and mechanical properties of bio-waste added bricks were decreased due to change in mineral composition and porosity generation by inflammable nature of bio-waste. However, compressive strength of lab-made bricks were in the acceptable range specified by Pakistan Building Code (i.e. > 5 MPa). On comparison with commercial brick, 2-4 wt.% tea waste, 2-6 wt.% sawdust and 1-2 wt.% wheat straw addition were suitable for production of thermally insulated, mechanically strong, and environmentally friendly bricks. Thermophysical analysis of building stones showed graphical relations for the assessment of thermal conductivity from the physical properties. Experimental and predicted thermal conductivity of limestones at moist and dry states showed that in situ measurement is necessary for precise determination of thermal properties. The variations in thermal properties of limestones as a function of temperature were described by considering mineral compositions and heat transfer mechanism. The overall results suggest that the spinoff of this work is a helpful resource for up to date and accurate information about thermophysical properties of building materials and new fired clay bricks products for energy savings in buildings.