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Usable Layout for Scientific Document to Support Online Reading

Thesis Info

Author

Zafar Saeed

Department

Dept of Computer Science, QAU

Program

MSc

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

153

Subject

Computer Sciences

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Sc COM/1903

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676719337561

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صہباؔ لکھنوی

صہباؔ لکھنوی
صہبا لکھنوی مدت سے بیمار تھے، وہ خلقتاً بھی نحیف اور کمزور تھے، اس کے باوجود افکار کی ترتیب و ادارت اور اس سے متعلقہ کاموں کی نگرانی کرتے تھے، بالآخر ۳۱؍ مارچ ۲۰۰۲؁ء میں پیامِ اجل آگیا، مرحوم ’’افکار‘‘ کے بانی مدیر تھے اور صحافیوں کی اس نسل سے تعلق رکھتے تھے جو صلہ و ستائش سے بے پروا ہوکر ادب پروری اور صحافت وادب کے فروغ کے لیے صحافت کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوتی تھی۔
صہبا صاحب کا اصل نام سید شرافت علی تھا، ان کا آبائی وطن لکھنؤ تھا، مگر وہ ۲۵؍ دسمبر ۱۹۱۹؁ء کو بھوپال میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، تقسیم سے پہلے یہیں رہایش پذیر تھے اور ۱۹۴۵؁ء میں یہیں سے ماہنامہ افکار جاری کیا اور اپنی ساری قوت و توانائی اسی میں لگا دی، ان میں شعر و ادب اور نقد و نظر کی جو صلاحیتیں اور قابلیتیں پنہاں تھیں۔ ان کو افکار کے لیے قربان کردیا اور اپنے نوک خامہ سے دوسرے ارباب قلم کی تحریریں چمکاتے اور افکار میں شایع کر کے ان کی ہمت و حوصلہ بڑھاتے اور ان کی عزت افزائی کرتے، انہوں نے بڑے بڑے ادیبوں کی تحریروں کے معاملے میں اپنا حقِ ادارت محفوظ رکھا اور ان کی کوئی رورعایت نہیں کی۔
تقسیم کے بعد کراچی آئے تو افکار نے یہاں سے دوسرا جنم لیا، صہبا صاحب مالی مشکلات اور دوسری پریشانیوں سے دوچار ہوئے اور لوگوں کی نکتہ چینی کا نشانہ بنے مگر افکار کی خدمت و ترقی میں ہمہ تن منہمک رہے، رات دن اٹھتے بیٹھتے اور چلتے پھرتے افکار ہی ان کے دل و دماغ پر چھایا رہتا تھا، ان کے پاس زیادہ سرمایہ نہ تھا لیکن جو کچھ اور جس قدر تھا سب افکار کی نذر کردیا۔ اپنے بعد بھی اس کو جاری رکھنے کے لیے افکار فاؤنڈیشن...

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The teaching of literature at Graduate level through the structuralist approach

The teaching of literature at Graduate level through the structuralist approach In the light of long years teaching in different institutions in Pakistan it has been felt that the prevalent method of teaching English Literature is not producing the desired level of competence among students. Hence something interesting and pedagogically sound need to be introduced on experimental level, which could make the teaching of literature more meaningful and interesting for the students, awaken their analytical abilities and at the same time develop their listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. For this purpose certain listening, speaking, reading and writing activities in the class based on the extracts from the literary texts have been introduced. Keeping in view the recommendations as well as the aims and objectives of the National Curriculum Revision Committee of Pakistan, an effort has been made to develop among the students at graduate level the habit of detailed reading of the literary texts, and interpreting them critically and analytically. I have used four novels of Ernest Hemingway and guided the students to analyze them through the Structuralis Approach with my chief focus on 'The Old Man and the Sea'. The reason for selecting Ernest Hemingway's novels is his objective style of writing precise sentences which is much appreciated by the readers of English literature. Moreover, 'The Old Man and the Sea' is a part of the syllabus of English (compulsory) at graduate level and one of the other three novels 'The Sun Also Rises"A Farewell to Arms', 'For Whom the Bell Tolls' always remains a part of the syllabus at Masters level in Pakistani universities. The methodology used for research is a combination of Descriptive Research and Quasi-Experimental. The findings support the argument that the problem and the need to address it really exists. The suggested methodology can help us in moving a step forward towards addressing it.