Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Politics of Alliances

Politics of Alliances

Thesis Info

Author

Zafar-Ullah Khan

Department

National Institute of Pakistan Studies, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1991

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

96

Subject

Pakistan Studies

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil PAK/90

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676719339478

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

6۔سیاسی سطح پر قوت فیصلہ کی کمی اور عدم دلچسپی

6۔سیاسی سطح پر قوت فیصلہ کی کمی اور عدم دلچسپی
حدود و قصاص قوانین کے نفاذ کےعمل میں ایک بڑی رکاوٹ حکومتی سطح پر قوت فیصلہ کی کمی اور عدم دلچسپی ہے ۔ اسلامی قوانین کے نفاذ کا کام جب بھی کیا جائے گا تو اس سے بہت سے لوگوں کے مفادات پر زدپڑے گی ۔ اس کام کو پایہ تکمیل تک پہنچانے کے لیے سیکولر طبقات ، سیاسی مفادات اور ملکی و غیر ملکی دباؤ کی پرواہ نہ کرتے ہوئے حکومت کو جرات مندانہ اقدام اٹھانا پڑیں گے ۔ ضرورت پڑنے پر قوت اور طاقت کا استعمال بھی کرنا پڑے گا ۔ رسو ل اللہ ﷺ نے حکومت اور حاکم کے حوالے سے ارشاد فرمایا
"فَالْاِسْلَامُ اُسٌّ وَالسُّلْطَانُ حَارِسٌ وَّمَا لَا اُسَّ لَہُ یھَدِمٌ وَّمَا لَا حَارِسَ لَہ ضَائِعٌ " 501
" پس اسلام کی مثال ایک عمارت کی سی ہے اور حکومت گویا اس کی نگہبان ہے جس عمارت کی بنیاد نہ ہو وہ گرجاتی ہے اور جس کا نگہبان نہ ہو وہ لوٹ لیا جاتا ہے۔"
لہذا اسلام کی عمارت قائم رکھنے کے لیے ایک مضبوط بنیاد اور طاقت ور دیانتدار چوکیدار کی ضرورت ہے۔ اب تک یہ ہوتا رہا ہے کہ ایک طبقے نے دباؤ ڈالا تو حکومت نے کوئی چھوٹا سا اسلامی قانون نا فذ کر دیا۔ لیکن جو کچھ ایک ہاتھ سے دیا، وہ دوسرے ہاتھ سے واپس بھی لے لیا ۔ اسلامی قوانین کے نفاذ اور عمل درآمد کے حوالے سے حکومتی لوگوں کے سیریس نہ ہونے کے حوالے سے مولانا زاہد الراشدی رقم طراز ہیں
" کہ بحیثیت قوم ہمارے قومی ادارے اور کسی استثنا کے بغیر ہمارے تمام ریاستی ادارے نہ اسلام کے نظام میں سنجیدہ ہیں ، نہ سودی نظام کے خاتمے میں ، اور نہ ہی قومی خود مختاری کے حصول میں۔ انہیں اس سے کوئی دلچسپی...

Density of Aedes Aegypti Larvae Based on Knowledge, Attitude, and Action to Eradicate Mosquito Nest in Daya Market of Makassar City

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by a dengue virus infection which is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. To prevent the occurrence of dengue cases, it is necessary to eradicate mosquito nests. The market is one of the public places that has a risk of dengue transmission. This study aims to determine the density description of Aedes aegypti larvae based on the knowledge, attitudes and actions of cleaning managers, traders and visitors to Pasar Daya Makassar City. This type of research is descriptive observational. The research samples were cleaning managers, traders and visitors as well as containers at Pasar Daya and at the respondent's house. Sampling for respondents using purposive sampling method using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that the number of containers positive for ae. Aegypti larvae in the Daya market was 34 containers with a container index value (CI) = 35.4% and the value of Density Figure (DF) 8 and the presence of Ae. Aegypti larvae in the respondent's house (positive) amounting to (51.4%). At the level of knowledge of respondents in the poor category (68.6%), while the attitudes and actions of respondents in the poor category showed a high enough percentage, namely 65.7%, and (68.6%). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the density of Aedes aegypti larvae in Pasar Daya Makassar City is in the high category.

Studies on Anticancer and Antileishmanial Potentials of Synthetic Compounds and Insight into Anticancer Mechanism of Selected Organotin Iv Compounds

Drug development has multiple stages of drug designing and evaluation in pharmacological models for desired clinical outcomes. The unmet need to completely eradicate cancer and leishmaniasis drives researchers to continue the struggle for safer and effective medicines. Along these lines, a library of 78 organic synthetic compounds including organotin (IV) (39), indoline (15), hydrazide (4), diazole (2) and ferrocene (18) derivatives were studied against Leishmania and cancer using in vitro, in silico and in vivo models. Cytotoxicity against DU145, THP-1 and isolated lymphocytes was shown by 36 (> 70%), 21 (> 50-70%), and 18 (least IC50 2.23 μg/ml) organotins and 1 (75.72%), 4 (50.2-82.3%) and 2 (least IC50 13 μg/ml) indolines, respectively. Only 5 (50.08-81.7%) hydrazides/diazoles and 9 (least IC50 6.66 μg/ml) ferrocenes were cytotoxic to THP-1 cells and lymphocytes, respectively. A total of 38 (least MIC 0.0122 μg/disc) organotins, 1 (least MIC 3.125 μg/disc) indoline, 3 (least MIC 1.5625 μg/disc) diazole/hydrazides and 17 (least MIC 0.74 μg/disc) ferrocenes demonstrated protein kinase (PK) inhibition activity in Streptomyces 85E. Next, in silico analysis of selected 36 organotin (IV) compounds, comparatively more cytotoxic to cancer cells, showed that these were drug-like to mid structures, have low to high blood brain barrier penetration and human intestinal absorption (caco2 cell permeability 17.6-35.09 nm/sec) and were metabolized by phase I and phase II reactions. Organotins were also predicted to target multiple enzymes, transcription factors, receptors, transporters, ion channels and other proteins. Subsequently, in vitro cytotoxicity analysis in prostate cancer cell lines and fibroblasts provided least IC50 values of 0.17 μM (PC3M) and 1.67 μM (fibroblasts) for triphenyltin (IV); 0.63 μM (PC3M) and 0.12 μM (fibroblasts) for tributyltin (IV); 0.33 μM (PC3M) and 2.55 μM (fibroblasts) for dibutyltin (IV) and 6.06 μM (PC3M) and 4.29 μM (fibroblasts) for tribenzyltin (IV) compounds after 72 h of treatment. Eventually, in-depth study of two most active compounds namely dibutylstannanediyl (2Z,2’Z)-bis(4-(benzylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (Ch-620) and triphenylstannyl 2-(benzylcarbamoyl) benzoate (Ch-319), showed that both compounds were more cytotoxic to prostate cancer and melanoma cells as compared to normal cells, restricted their colony forming capacity and migration, induced cell cycle arrest and caspase mediated apoptosis and disrupted associated regulatory proteins. Ch-620 resulted in phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, upregulation of PPARα, decreased expression of SMAD4 and ITGB5 and reduced tumor proliferation as observed by proteomics, in vitro and in vivo xenograft studies. Treatment of cancer cells and transgenic Pten knockout mice with Ch-319 downregulated PI3K/Akt signaling associated with elevation of FOXO3a expression. In addition, Ch-319 decreased expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers N-cadherin and Vimentin with concomitant increase in E-cadherin in in vitro. Immunohistochemical examination of tumor sections also depicted reduction of proliferation markers. Moreover, evaluation of 78 compounds against Leishmania tropica kwh showed that 37, 5 and 1 organotin, indoline and ferrocene compounds, respectively inhibited growth of promastigotes. The selected 43 compounds predominantly organotin (IV) derivatives, halted the growth of Leishmania promastigotes partially by producing reactive oxygen species. Antileishmanial activity was reduced by 4.1-6.9 and 1.4-7.96% in triphenyltin (IV), 3.3-14.22 and 6.3-11.2% in tribenzyltin (IV), 5.2-34.38 and 1.8-38.2% in tributyltin (IV) and 7.9-15.7 and 5.2-15.4% in dibutyltin (IV) compounds in the presence of sodium azide and mannitol, respectively. Indolines and ferrocenes demonstrated antileishmanial activity reduction maximally in the presence of mannitol by 5.3 and 6.22%, respectively. Considering all these results, it is proposed that Ch-319 and Ch-620 have potential to be developed as anticancer agents against prostate cancer. Furthermore, organotin (IV) compounds in particular are also potent antileishmanial agents and detailed analysis on their mechanism is recommended.