وسائل الاتصال الحديثة وأثرها في تنمية الإنتاج الزراعي العراقي

هدف البحث لتفسير العلاقة القائمة بين تقنية وسائل الاتصال والقطاع الزراعي، ومدى تأثيرها في الإنتاج والإنتاجية الزراعية، بوصفها إحدى التقنيات الحديثة الواجب توفيرها لضمان تحقيق التنمية الزراعية، إذ يؤدي الاتصال الزراعي دوراً كبيراً في التأثير على المجتمع الريفي، فالإعلام الزراعي يحمل مضموناً قيماً يتمثل ببرامجه الإعلامية الزراعية، فهو يهتم عمومًا بتوجيه المعلومات البحثية العلمية والأخبار الزراعية والتوجيهات المؤسساتية، ذات العلاقة بالإنتاج الزراعي والمواد الإعلامية الزراعية، للعاملين في المجال الزراعي. وأهم النتائج تتمثل في أن للاتصالات الحديثة دورًا كبيرًا في التأثير على الإنتاج الزراعي وتطويره، وهو يواجه معوقاتٍ كبيرةً في العراق، تتمثل بضعف استخدام المؤسسات ذات العلاقة لتلك الوسائل، وعدم تحديث برامجها بما يخدم النشاط الزراعي، فضلاً عن عدم توافر أجهزة الحاسوب وخدمة الإنترنت وضعف المعرفة بها من قبل الفلاحين، اما أهم المقترَحات فتمثلت بزيادة التوجه إلى الاهتمام بهذه التقنية وتطويرها، لا سيما في المؤسسات الحكومية ذات العلاقة، وإقامة الندوات وورش عملٍ لتدريب الفلاحين على استخدامها.

Towards Conducting Effective Clinical Conferences in a Diploma Nursing Programme in Pakistan

The focus of this study was to explore how to conduct effective clinical conferences with Diploma nursing students at The Aga Khan University School of Nursing (AKUSON) a private nursing school in Pakistan. To accomplish this goal I worked with two nursing faculty of year two and year three along with their clinical group consisting of eleven students each. In this situation I worked as a catalyst being a resource person and facilitator, using action research in my attempt to make clinical conferences more effective. Even though students course work comprises of both theory and practice my project focused on the improvement of the process of clinical conferences as it is related to the clinical component of students' learning. Since all existing research on clinical conferences is based in western countries, I have used Wink (1995) and Matheney (1969) as a framework to guide this study and look at their applicability to the Pakistani context. Teachers mostly used students presentation as a strategy to conduct clinical conferences, in the pre-intervention stage of the study. Four out of five teachers asked students to present, although 64% of students admitted that they did not like presentations as a strategy for learning (N=22). During these conferences one or two students presented to the clinical group of 10-12 students. Initially less time was given to discuss nursing, whereas, in the intervention stage the conferences were entirely nursing based. In the intervention stage post-conferences were held using teaching strategies such as guided imagery, role-play, case-studies, debate, nursing rounds, and cooperative learning. Presentation style of conducting post-conferences was modified, whereby students participated, shared experiences, learnt from and between each other. These prototype conferences were rated as highly effective' both by students and teachers. In the post-intervention stage 73% of students (N=22) rated the conferences as ‘good' and ‘excellent'. The students' perception of an effective clinical conference at the post-intervention stage was that it should consists of two way communication involving many strategies to build on clinical practice where everyone participates. During the intervention stage students worked in small groups, the teacher as part of the group, sharing ideas, information and experiences with each other. Time was utilized effectively and the conferences were enjoyable. In this way the teacher helped and encouraged the students in the learning process.