مولانا اکرام اﷲ خان ندوی
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینہ ہندوستان اور پاکستان کے کئی اصحاب ِ علم وقلم نے وفات پائی، ان میں سب سے ممتاز شخصیت مولانا اکرام اﷲ خان ندوی کی تھی، مرحوم دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلمأ کے دورِ اول کی پیداوار اور اپنی علمی وتصنیفی قابلیت کے اعتبار سے ممتاز حیثیت کے مالک تھے، ان کا وطن شاہجہان پور تھا، اور تعلیم ندوۃ العلمأ میں حاصل کی تھی، انھوں نے مولانا شبلی مرحوم سے باقاعدہ درس تو نہیں لیا تھا، مگر ان کی صحبت کے فیض یافتہ تھے، تعلیم سے فراغت کے بعد کئی سال تک دارالعلوم کے مشہور رسالہ الندوہ کے اڈیٹر رہے، اور کچھ دنوں تک ندوہ کے اہتمام کے فرائض بھی انجام دیئے تھے۔
غالباً ۱۹۲۰ء میں نواب صدر یارجنگ مولانا حبیب الرحمن خان شروانی مرحوم نے اُن کو آل انڈیا مسلم ایجو کیشنل کانفرنس کے اسسٹنٹ سکر یٹری کی حیثیت سے علی گڑھ بلالیا تھا، جس سے وہ آخر عمر تک وابستہ رہے، مولانا شروانی مرحوم کا قیام امور مذہبی کی صدارت کے سلسلہ میں حیدر آباد میں رہتا تھا، اس لئے کانفرنس کا سارا کام مولانا اکرام اﷲ خان کے ہا تھوں میں تھا، جس کو انھوں نے بڑی خوش اسلوبی سے چلایا، کا نفرنس گزٹ کے اڈیٹر ی کے فرائض بھی وہی انجام دیتے رہے، اور کانفرنس کی تجویزیں اور سالانہ اجلاسوں کی رپورٹیں وغیرہ بھی وہی مرتب کرتے تھے، اور ۱۹۲۰ء سے لے کر ۱۹۵۱ء کامل ۳۰ سال تک کانفرنس انہی کی ذات سے عبارت تھی مرحوم کو ندوۃ العلمأ سے بھی گہرا تعلق تھا، اور وہ ہر زمانہ میں اسکی خدمت انجام دیتے رہے۔
طبعاً نہایت متین، خاموش، کم آمیز اور دنیاوی جاہ وشہرت سے بے نیاز تھے، اسی لئے علمی دنیا میں وہ شہرت حاصل نہ کرسکے، جس کے وہ حقیقتاً مستحق تھے، مگر...
The woman was once considered a commodity and property of her male partner that was to be used for satisfying physical needs and procreation. There was no concept of woman rights in its ideal sense for many centuries in east and the west. Though socialists and historians claim that woman was once head of the family in the agricultural age due to certain factors of that age, the plight of women throughout various phases of history is pityful. It was when Islam came that the just rights for women were granted to them keeping in view their innate capabilities and requirement. The Islamic law of inheritance is one of such rights that accommodate and preserve economic needs of a woman in view of her rights and responsibilities as a mother, sister, daughter, and wife. Muslim states in the current age have also legislated and enforced certain laws in accordance with these Qur’anic principles. Contemporary Pashtun society, mainly a male-dominant society, indicates quite an opposite approach towards woman’s share in inheritance, however. An attempt has been made in this paper to study and explore the context, factors, and impacts of the Pashtun social traditions regarding women’s share in inheritance and explain the teachings of Islam based on rationality and divine wisdom and highlight the State Law in this respect as well.
Water stress is a key constraint in grain production of bread wheat. Using genomic and advanced breeding tools, genetic improvement in wheat and other crops is possible under water stress conditions. Fifty wheat genotypes were screened against water stress using traits like relative water contents and excised leaf water loss. Two water stress tolerant (Chakawal-50 and mairaj-08) and two susceptible (9436 and Millat-11) genotypes were identified and crossed to develop F1, F2 and backcross generations. Genetic analysis was conducted for relative water contents, excised leaf water loss, cell membrane thermo-stability, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll contents, plant height, flag leaf area, specific flag leaf area, peduncle length, spike length, number of tillers per plant, grain weight per spike, number of grains per spikes, 1000-grain weight, grain yield per plant and harvest index. Presence of additive, dominance and epistatic components were identified. Gene action was found complex showed that selection should be done in later generations for improvement of traits. Medium to high broad sense heritability, low to medium narrow sense heritability and low to high genetic advance was observed. Analysis under normal and water stress conditions revealed heterosis for relative water contents, excised leaf water loss, chlorophyll contents and plant height. Correlation analysis showed that relative water contents, cell membrane thermo-stability, photosynthetic rate and grain yield per plant were positively correlated with each other. Excised leaf water loss was negatively correlated with cell membrane thermo-stability, photosynthetic rate, relative water contents and grain yield per plant. A total of 30 ISSR markers were used to survey F2 population developed by a cross of Chakawal-50 (tolerance) and 9436 (susceptible) revealing a lots of DNA polymorphism. DNA polymorphism was used to construct genetic linkage map. In linkage analysis 73 bands produced from 4 ISSR markers were mapped on chromosomes. One QTL for photosynthetic rate on chromosome 3A, one for cell membrane thermo-stability on chromosome 2B and one for relative water contents on chromosome 4D was identified. These QTLs could be used to mold wheat genome into water stress tolerant wheat genome.