PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN ONLINE BERBASIS WEBSITE ELEARNING MADRASAH TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR FISIKA SISWA KELAS X IPA MAN 2 KOTA PALU

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh Pembelajaran Online berbasis Website Elearning Madrasah Terhadap Hasil Belajar Fisika Siswa Kelas X IPA MAN 2 Kota Palu Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021. Serta untuk mengetahui apa saja kendala dan hambatan yang dirasakan guru maupun siswa saat melakukan kegiatan belajar mengajar online selama masa pandemic covid-19 ini. Responden adalah siswa kelas X IPA1 MAN 2 Kota Palu karena mereka telah memiliki fasilitas internet, komputer dan gadget. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan uji data menggunakan spss 25. Data diperoleh melalui pengisian kuesioner oleh siswa dan juga dilakukan wawancara oleh guru sebagai data pendukung. Uji yang dilakukan yaitu validitas, reabilitas, dan uji R square untuk mencari seberapa besar pengaruh pembelajaran online berbasis website elearning madrasah terhadap hasil belajar fisika siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran online berbasis website elearning madrasah mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap hasil belajar fisika siswa sebanyak 85, 7%. Dari hasil pengujian spss bahwa nilai sig.(2-tailed) setiap variabel X dan variabel Y adalah < 0,005. Dilihat dari nilai rhitung dan rtabel didapat hasil bahwa nilai rhitung > rtabel. Nilai rtabel 0,3291 diperoleh dari nilai N 36-2=34. Angka 34 mempunyai nilai r tabel 0,3291. Hasil uji reliabilitas dapat diketahui bahwa secara keseluruhan variabel X dan Y memiliki nilai cronbach’s alpha > 0, 06. Pembelajaran online berbasis website elearning madrasah mampu menjadi penolong dunia pendidikan khususnya di madrasah pada masa pandemi Covid 19 ini. Menurut penuturan wali kelas juga hasil belajar siswa cenderung stabil dan tidak mengalami penurunan walaupun pembelajaran dilakukan dengan online.

Genetic Diversity in Pol Protein of Hiv Type-1 Prevailing Among Injecting Drug Users in Pakistan

Circulation of multiple subtypes (A, G and CRFs 02_AG) of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in select districts of Punjab province, Pakistan Owing to consistent genetic mutation and recombination, various escape mutants and/or drug-resistant mutants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) are emerging worldwide. Therefore, an understanding towards genomic characteristics of prevailing strains, particularly for drug resistance associated substitution, is very much essential to devise and implement necessary treatment and disease control intervention in disease endemic settings such as Pakistan. We processed a total of 130 plasma samples originating from HIV-treatment centers at select districts of Punjab province, Pakistan. The samples were first screened using HIV-1 Ag/Ab Combo test followed by amplification of pol gene (1084 bp) from samples positive either to antigen or both antigen and antibodies at once. Screening revealed a total of 45 samples positive (34.62%; 95% CI: 26.99-43.13) either to antigen or both antigen and antibodies at once (n = 18, 40%; 95% CI: 27.02-54.55) and antibodies alone (n = 27, 60%; 95% CI: 45.45-72.98). A maximum number of samples were positive from district Lahore [n= 19/43 (44.18%; 95% CI: 30.44-58.9)] followed by Faisalabad, n= 12/36 (33.33%; 95% CI: 20.21-49.66), Gujranwala, n= 05/23 (21.7%; 95% CI: 9.66-41.9) and Sargodha, n= 09/28 (32.1%; 95% CI: 17.93- 50.66). Odd of occurrence of HIV was significantly associated with individuals having a history of injecting drug use (68.08%; OR = 11.15; 95% CI: 53.84-79.61, p = 0.0001). The pol gene based phylogeny clustered study sequences into three distinct clades representing recombinant form 02_AG (n = 14, 77.0%; 95% CI: 54.79-91.00), subtype A (n = 2, 11.1%; 95% CI: 3.1-32.8) and G (n = 2, 11.1%; 95% CI: 3.1-32.8). Although we screened 18 samples for genotypic drug resistance analysis, except for an accessory mutation (M46K) in the protease (PR) region of a subject, we found a lack of drug resistance associated substitution in the PR. On the other hand, we found two subject (2/18) carrying resistance associated mutation (V106I) conferring a low level resistance against reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The present study concludes circulation of multiple subtypes of HIV-1 among affected population ascertaining a continuous disease surveillance coupled with evaluation of drug resistance at a higher resolution in future studies. Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1); subtypes; co-circulation; molecular epidemiology; recombination analysis; drug resistance analysis Prevalence, molecular epidemiology and drug resistance pattern of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among injecting drug users in Lahore, Pakistan Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is common among injecting drug users (IDUs), and HIV- 1 positive IDUs may have potential of HIV transmission among general population through different ways. Therefore, an understanding towards current status of HIV-1 prevalence and genomic characteristics of circulating strains is crucial to devise and implement necessary interventions to control disease in developing countries like Pakistan. Total 201 plasma samples from IDUs were collected. Samples were first screened using HIV-1 Ag/Ab Combo test and then antigen positive samples were amplified for HIV-1 pol gene (1084 bp) and analyzed. Initial screening showed a total of 49 HIV samples positive (24.37%; 95% CI: 18.96-30.76). A substantial association of HIV incidence was observed in individuals with HCV infection (36.84%; 95% CI: 28.55-45.99; p<0.0001) followed by individuals involved in practices of shared injection equipment (21.17%; 95% CI: 25.07- 40.21; p<0.0001), injected previously used syringes (30.2%; 95% CI: 23.4-37.99; p=0.0016), sex with IDUs (37.78%; 95% CI: 25.11-52.37; p=0.002) and those with an age between 30-39 years (27.17%; 95% CI: 19.13-37.04; p=0.039). The pol gene-based phylogeny and subtyping classification categorized the under-study sequences representing subtype A (n = 12; 46.15%), CRF02_AG (n = 6; 23.08%), subtype C (n= 5; 19.23%) and subtype G (n = 3; 11.54%). Subsequent to genotyping resistance interpretation algorithm, one major (M46L) and two accessory (N88D, L89V) PIs mutations in the protease region while four NRTI (D67T, K70R/Q, M184V and T215F) and four NNRTI (V108T, E138A, V179I and Y181C) mutations in the reverse transcriptase region were observed. The present study concludes circulation of multiple subtypes of HIV-1 among IDUs and a continuous disease surveillance coupled with delineation of disease risk factors may provide a crucial insight into HIV prevention and treatment which could substantially curtail HIV epidemics in IDUs.