آہ! لعلِ شب چراغِ ہند
[پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو]
افسوس ہے آخر وہی ہواجس کاچند مہینوں سے کھٹکا لگاہوا تھا،یعنی ۲۷؍ مئی کو ہمارے ملک کے محبوب وزیر اعظم پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو ۷۴ بر س کی عمر میں اِس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے اور پورے ملک کوماتم کدہ بناگئے۔ دنیا میں عام طور پربڑے آدمی دوقسم کے ہوتے ہیں، ایک وہ جو دماغ اورذہن کے اعلیٰ کمالات و اوصاف کے حامل ہوں اور دوسرے وہ جو قلب ونظر کے پاک اوراُن کی خوبیوں اور اچھائیوں کے جامع ہوں، ایسے لوگ بہت کم ہوتے ہیں جواِن دونوں قسم کے کمالات سے سرفراز ہوں۔ پنڈت جی کسی تیسری قسم کے بڑے لوگوں میں سے تھے، اُن کی زندگی سب لوگوں اورخصوصاً نوجوانوں کے لیے سرتاپا درس عبرت تھی۔ وہ ایسے گھرانہ میں پیدا ہوئے جہاں خدا کادیا کیا کچھ نہیں تھا،بالکل عنفوانِ شباب میں جب وہ انگلینڈ سے اپنی اعلیٰ تعلیم ختم کرکے وطن واپس آئے توحسن و شباب ،اعلیٰ تعلیم،بے پناہ دولت وثروت ،اعلیٰ خاندان اور وجاہت غرض کہ مادی اسبابِ عیش وتنعم میں سے ایسی کون سی چیز تھی جواُن کے پاس بافراط موجود نہ ہو، اوراس لیے زمانہ کے عام مذاق کے مطابق ان کے لیے بہت آسان تھا کہ ’’بابر بعیش کوش کہ عالم دوبارہ نیست‘‘ کے فلسفہ پرعمل پیراہوتے اور اپنی زندگی کوخیّام کی خیالی جنت کے مادی پیکر میں گزار دیتے ۔لیکن ۱۹۱۶ء میں جب پہلی مرتبہ ان کی ملاقات مہاتما گاندھی سے ہوئی تو اس پیرِدانا کی پہلی نگاہ نے اِس نوجوان کی آرزؤوں اورتمناؤوں کی دنیا میں ایک انقلابِ عظیم پیداکردیا اوراس نوجوان نے اُسی وقت پھولوں کی سیج اور شبستانِ عیش کے بجائے اپنے لیے خار زار آلام و مصائب اور قید ومحن کی راہ کاانتخاب کرلیا،اوراپنا سب کچھ اس کے لیے قربان کردیا۔اُس زمانہ میں پنڈت جی یاکسی...
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)being the world’s most prevailing and frightening cancerous disorder lacks the sufficient data in Pakistan despite of its higher magnitude and prevalence. Objective: This study was specifically designed and conducted with the aim to identify the frequency of this disorder along with causative factors in past three years in a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: Epidemiological study was conducted using retrospective randomized method and all pre-requisites were filled. The clinical profiles of patients were collected from Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery Departmentof Pathology, Mayo Hospital Lahore. Patients who had undergone treatment for OSCC were contacted and interviewed for information about demographic regions, previous history of malignancy, disease onset, chewing habits, exposure to pesticides, industrial exposure to metals etc. And all particulars were not and compiled on questionnaire. Results: A total of 54 patients from different districts of Punjab participated in the study. Percentages for each possible causative chewing habit were calculated and 87.50 % of population was found addicted to different habits. Genetic factor might have contributed in remaining for development of OSCC. Conclusions: Informative data provided in this study will be helpful to be used by the government and private health agencies while designing and planning management of oral health problems and allocating health budgets in focusing this issue
On our way to switching from single-server to multi-server authentication, one of the great challenges is to design a secure and computationally efficient multi-server authentication protocol. Multi-server Authentication (MSA) relieves the user of separate and individualized registration procedures from various service providers in a network. Following MSA paradigm, a user gets registered from a trusted authority first, and then the former may benefit itself from any service being offered by any service provider without registering again, engendering overhead efficiency. Another objective for switching towards multi-server architecture was to relieve the user of maintaining multiple passwords as much as the number of servers. A robust MSA architecture makes the access of sever-oriented network services not only convenient but also readily available for users. The remote internet authentication often entails the type of multiserver authentications, which further underscores the need of MSA protocol’s efficiency and robustness against threats. The service providers in an MSA-based network authenticate and verify the users on the basis of credentials provided by Registration Centre (RC) to the users during registration phase. In traditional MSA protocols, service providers consult online RC for verifying the user’s authenticity after receiving a login request. Besides, we witness MSA protocols where RC is bypassed during mutual authentication between user and service provider. The latter class of schemes takes less communicational cost and eliminates few bottlenecks, perceptibly, due to bypassing trusted RC from mutual authentication phase. The research academia came up with many authentication protocols lately, to enhance security and minimizing communicational overhead. However, the presented solutions are costly due to employing expensive bilinear operations, on the first hand. Besides, there are light-weight MSA protocols as well, nevertheless bearing many other drawbacks making those protocols unfit for practical implementations. We address these problems by presenting a novel multi-server authentication protocol framework that is not only efficient but also free of the hassle of key management and distribution problems. The protocol framework comprises a blend of the usage of selected crypto-primitives, messages and participating entities in such a way that leads to overall efficiency and achieves the security objectives as well. In this dissertation, we present state-ofthe-art review on MSA-based protocols and then propose corresponding protocols to address the above limitations. Our proposed work not only contributes a light-weight multi-server authentication protocol framework that could establish mutual authentication without RC engagement, but also improves upon many MSA schemes (Trusted and Non-trusted environment) to enhance security and reduce communication or computational delay for establishment of an authenticated session key between user and server. To prove the security claims, the formal security analysis is performed for each protocol and the results are also validated and verified using automated simulation tools.