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The Military and Politics in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Zahoor-Ud-Din Wazir

Department

Deptt. of History, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

96

Subject

History

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.PhIl HIS/199

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676719374925

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روہنگیا زبان وادب کا تذکرہ

میانمار(برما) ایک کثیر القومی ، کثیر المذہبی ، کثیر الثقافتی ملک ہے ۔ میانمار کی ریاست اراکان(موجودہ رکھائن) کے باشندے روہنگیا کہلاتے ہیں جہان صدیوں سینکڑوں سال  تقریباً 48  مسلم بادشاہوں نے حکومت کی ۔لیکن عصر حاضر میں روہنگیا  دنیا  کی کمزور ترین  اور مظلوم  ترین  مسلم اقلیت ہے۔. ریاست اراکان(موجودہ راکھائن) میں روہنگیا سب سے بڑا گروہ ہے ۔ روہنگیا دورِ حاضر میں بے ریاست لوگوں کا سب سے بڑاگروہ ہے ۔روہنگیا قوم دنیا کی ان دس اقوام میں شامل ہے جن کا وجود دنیا سے مٹ جانے کا خطرہ ہے۔روہنگین تہذیب ایک منفردتہذیب ہے ۔ اراکانی زبا ن وادب اسلامی تہذیب وتمدن کے بل بوتے پر پروان چڑھتےرہے۔روہنگیاایک قدیم زبان ہےجو بنگلہ دیش کی چٹاگانگی زبان سے ملتی جلتی ہے ۔یہ زبان میانمار اور اس کی ریاست راکھائن میں بولی جانے والی دوسری زبانوں سے مختلف ہے۔یہ نہ صرف بنیادی طور پر فارسی،اردو ،ہندی اور عربی زبانوں کے الفاظ  کا مرکب ہے بلکہ کسی حد تک انگریزی زبان کے کچھ الفا ظ  بھی اس میں شامل  ہیں۔ تاریخ کی کتب میں اس بات کا ذکر ملتا ہے کہ1429ءمیں جنرل ولی خاں نے اراکان میں  فارسی بطورسرکاری زبان رائج کی جو 1845 ء تک ریاستی زبان کے طور پر جاری رہی۔قدیم دورسےمسلمان مصنفین اور شاعر روہنگیا زبان میں فارسی اور عربی حروفِ تہجی کااستعمال کیا کرتےتھے۔ایسی ہی ایک کتاب کا ذکر  روہنگیا کے  مشہور ومعروف مصنف طاہر باتھاکے ہاں ملتاہے۔اس کے علاوہ اراکان کےتاریخی سکےفارسی اورعربی میں نقش کنندہ الفاظ سےمزین ہوتےتھے۔روہنگیاادب محبت کےگانوں، لوک کہانیوں، بارہ ماسہ، صوفیانہ گیتوں، محاورات،غزلوں، پہیلیوں اورلوریوںسےبھرپورہے۔ بارہ ماسہ  روہنگیا  ادب کا مقبول حصہ ہے۔یہ ایک   ایسی صنفِ سخن ہے جس میں ایک  دکھی عورت اپنے  محبوب کی جدائی کو  بیان کرتی ہے۔وہ اس کے فراق میں ماہی بےآب کی طرح تڑپتی ہے۔ہر مہینے میں موسم کی بدلتی ہوئی  کیفیت...

METODE PARTISIPATIF, CERAMAH, DAN DISKUSI PADA AL QURAN SURAT AS-SHAFFAT AYAT 102

This research is motivated by a phenomenon of poor communication between parents and children. In the world of education, there was a lack of approaches and methods used by educators in providing subject matter so that what was delivered by the educator did not achieve the expected goals. The problem in this research is how the participatory methods, lectures and discussions contained in the As-Shaffat letter verse 102. The purpose is to describe the educational methods contained in the As-Shaffat letter verse 102 in the form of participatory methods, lecture methods and discussion methods. This research is a Library Research. The method of interpretation used in this study is the method of interpretation of maudhu 'or thematic methods which interpret verses of the Qur'an based on specific themes. The method used in the explanation of the verse is the method of tahlili or analysis that explains the verses of the Qur'an by examining its aspects and revealing its whole purpose. The results of study and analysis, as well as data processing from various sources, obtained the first result that the educational method contained in the As-Shaffat verse 102 is a participatory method used by educators, which involves all elements in the educational process especially students, with active participation from participants students will facilitate educators in delivering the material to be given. Both lecture methods, in conveying information, especially learning materials can be done with the lecture method. An educator prioritizes good attitudes so that the material can be accepted by students. The third method of discussion is to involve students in giving their opinions. With the discussion in learning, the lessons will become warmer and will train students to be more courageous in opinion.

Formulation and Characterization of Skin Rejuvenating Multiple Emulsions Loaded With Botanical Extracts

Background and Aims: Antioxidants are being extensively explored for their cutaneous benefits. Green tea and sacred lotus are popular antioxidants since ancient times. Aim of this study was to explore cutaneous benefits of these historic plants after formulating them in a novel carrier system. Methods: After successive extractions of antioxidants from lotus and green tea, their antioxidant activities were measured through DPPH antioxidant assay. Extracts were encapsulated in W/O/W type multiple emulsions. To obtain multiple emulsions having long-term shelf storage stability, various hydrophilic emulsifiers were tried along with polymeric emulsifier cetyl dimethicone copolyol. The most suitable multiple emulsion with excellent skin compatibility have been used as carrier of extracts to the skin of healthy human subjects (n=33), after their informed consents. One group applied 5% green tea while a second group applied 5% lotus and a third group applied combination of both extracts on left cheeks once daily over a 60 days treatment course. A placebo multiple emulsion was applied on right cheek as control in all three groups. Non-invasive measurements were performed at specific time intervals using various biophysical techniques such Corneometry, Tewametry, Mexametry, Sebumetry and Skin profilometry. Results were justified through various statistical methods. Results: Green tea and lotus revealed strong antioxidant potentials and extracts were stable in a multiple emulsion, which showed shelf storage stability of 1 year. Furthermore, all the formulations subjected to patch test were skin compatible and multiple emulsions with combination of extracts showed superior skin compatibility IX profile. Results obtained through efficacy studies showed that green tea and lotus have strong skin rejuvenation potential by improving various parameters of skin physiology. For example (a) green tea and lotus improved barrier function of the skin (b) Interestingly all three formulations positively influenced in any way at some of the skin surface parameters (c) green tea plus lotus treatment found superior to placebo for its effectiveness on the skin’s melanin pigmentation whereas lotus treatment alone has remarkable effect than green tea alone (d) combined treatment with green tea and lotus has superior efficacy over green tea alone in sebum reduction. Overall, combined treatment found superior for its effects on healthy skin profile. Conclusions: It is concluded that, the synergistic effects of the lotus, together with the green tea, on various parameters of skin physiology appears due to constituents who have a potentiation effect. Key Words: Green tea, Lotus, Multiple emulsions, Suface Evaluation of Living Skin (SELS), Patch test, Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Melanin, Erythema, Skin Sebum.