قدیم مصری عقائد اور عورت
عجائب گھر کی تیسری منزل پر بڑے بڑے ہالوں میں فراعین اور ان کی بیگمات کی قبروں سے برآمد ہونے والی اشیا ء رکھی گئی تھیں ۔ان اشیاء کو دیکھ کر اندازہ ہوتا ہے کہ فراعین کی ملکائیں اپنی زیبائش کا کس قدر خیال رکھتی تھی ۔چہروں پر غازہ ،ہونٹوں پر سرخی ، ناخنوں پر رنگ ،بالوں اور جسم کو نفیس رکھنے کے لیے تیل یہاں تک کہ مصری خواتین کے مجسموں کی آنکھوں پر بھی روغن سرمے لگے تھے ۔اس کے علاوہ مختلف کریمیں ،آئینے ، استرے ،بالوں کی سوئیاں ،کنگھیاں ،سنگھار پیٹی ،رکابیاں ،چمچ ،لکڑی ،ہاتھی دانت سے بنی اشیا ،سونے کانسی اور دیگر قیمتی دھاتوں سے بنے زیورات کے بے شمار نمونے یہاں نمائش کے لیے رکھے گئے تھے۔ عجائب گھر میں مصریوں کے قدیم برہنگی سے لے کر ایام سلطنت کے پر تکلف ملبوسات تک ہر عمر اور حیثیت کے مرد و خواتین کے لباس آویزاں تھے ۔وہاں موجود ایک گائیڈ نے ہمیں بتایا کہ اس زمانے میں بچے اور بچیاں اٹھارہ انیس سا ل تک بالیوں اور گلو بندوں کے علاوہ بے لباس پھرتے تھے ۔تاہم لڑکیاں کمر کے گرد منکوں کا کمر بند باندھ کر ایک ظاہری حجاب بناتیں ،ملازم اور کسان لوگوں کے عام کپڑوں میں صرف ایک لنگوٹی شامل تھی ۔
قدیم بادشاہت میں آزاد مرد اور عورتیں ناف تک برہنہ پھرتے اور کمر سے گھٹنوں تک کا حصہ چھوٹی سی چست قمیض سے ڈھانپتے ۔خوشحال گھرانوں کی عورتیں چست قمیض تر ک کر کے ڈھیلی ڈھالی قبا پہنتی تھیں جو کندھے کے اوپر سے آگے آتی اور دائیں چھاتی کے نیچے گرہ کی صورت میں بندھی ہوتی ۔
فرعونوں کے زمانے میں عورت اور مرد دونوں زیوارات کو پسند کرتے اور گردن ، چھاتی...
This paper is the study of three modes of business and transactions including Gharar, Salam and Istisna’, widely used in Islamic Banking and Islamic Financial Institutions. This study delving in Fiqh Literature brings to the fore the juristic status of all three modes of business and transaction supported by the arguments from Quran, Sunnah and Fiqh literature. The Objective of this paper is to remove misconceptions surround these modes of business and transactions and to clariy their legal position.
Viruses of the genus Mastrevirus (family Geminiviridae) are transmitted by leafhoppers to either monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plants. They are native to the Old World and have been identified across Australia, Asia, Europe and Africa. Although a lot is known about the diversity of monocot-infecting mastreviruses, until recently little was known about the diversity of dicot-infecting mastreviruses. At the time of starting the studies described here a single dicot-infecting mastrevirus was known in Australia and a single mastrevirus had been identified in Pakistan and South Africa (although at the time the viruses in Pakistan and South Africa were considered separate species). During the time the study here was conducted our understanding of the diversity of dicot-infecting mastreviruses has increased exponentially, assisted in part by the study described here. The diversity of dicot-infecting mastreviruses in Pakistan was assessed by cloning and sequencing single-stranded DNA viruses occurring in chickpea and some other legumes which were collected from farms across the chickpea growing areas of Punjab province. A total of 20 full-length sequences were produced from either cloned virus genomes or reconstructed from next generation sequencing (NGS) reads. The majority of sequences were shown to be isolates of the species Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV). Sequences produced as part of the study here contributed to the identification of three new strains of the virus - strains C, D and H. Additionally a chickpea sample from Syria was analyzed and the virus was cloned and sequenced. This sequence was shown to be an isolate of CpCDV strain A, which occurs across Iran and Turkey but not Pakistan. The clone of this virus was introduced back into plant by Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation to satisfy Koch’s postulates. Finally, in collaboration with researchers in New Zealand, a second species of dicot-infecting mastrevirus, for which the name Chickpea yellow dwarf virus has been proposed, was identified in Pakistan by NGS. Unusually this virus was shown to be more similar to dicot-mastreviruses from Australia than to CpCDV. This suggests that the diversity and host range of dicot-infecting mastreviruses may be greater than so far identified. Although previously reported to be a host of CpCDV, until the study presented here no conclusive proof that CpCDV infects lentil (Lens culinaris) was presented. Here the sequences of a total of 10 CpCDV isolates originating from lentil have been produced. However, NGS of samples from lentil identified plants containing a second geminivirus. Reconstruction of NGS reads showed the presence of the bipartite begomovirus Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). This was confirmed by PCR and by quantitative analysis of the titres of ToLCNDV and CpCDV in coinfected plants. This is the first identification of a begomovirus infecting lentil. However, the results suggest that ToLCNDV requires CpCDV to infect lentil - no lentil plants singly infected with ToLCNDV were identified. This also raises interesting questions about the transmission of CpCDV in co-infected plants. Three genes (replication associated protein A [Rep A], movement protein and coat protein) encoded by a dicot-infecting mastrevirus (CpCDV) and a monocotinfecting mastrevirus (Maize streak virus) were expressed from a Potato virus X vector in Nicotiana benthamiana. Overall the genes from CpCDV induced more severe symptoms than those of MSV, possibly due to this virus being adapted to dicotyledonous hosts. The Rep A proteins of both viruses were shown to induce necrosis, suggesting that they elicit a hypersensitive response due to interfering with the cell cycle. The significance of the results is discussed.