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Qos- Aware Routing in the Wireless Multi-Hop Networks

Thesis Info

Author

Zainab Malik

Department

Department of Computer Science, QAU

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

97

Subject

Computer Sciences

Language

English

Other

Call No: Diss/ M. Phil . COM/ 2027

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676719392288

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خون جگر ہونے تک

خون جگر ہونے تک
اپنی کتاب کا دیباچہ لکھنا توحالیؔ جیسے لوگوں کو جچتا ہے جو دیباچہ لکھیں تو تنقید کی پہلی کتاب وجود پا جائے۔میں تو عاجزانہ طور پر چند عروضی نکات پیش کرنا چاہتا ہوں۔میرا یہ دیباچہ سب کے لیے نہیں ہے۔ اس کی دو وجوہات ہیں۔ ایک تو عروضی بحث اس قدر گنجلک اور پیچیدہ ہوتی ہے کہ ہر کسی کو اس سے شغف نہیں ہوتا اور دوسرا جو لوگ عروض پہ دسترس رکھتے ہیںان کے لیے اس وضاحت کی ضرورت نہیں کیوں کہ وہ عروض پہ اس دیباچے سے بہت بہتر کتابیں پڑھ چکے ہیں۔ یہ دیباچہ فقط ان لوگوں کے لیے ہے جو شعر کہتے ہیں اور عروض میں بھی ٹانگ اڑاتے ہیں اورجب کسی شعر کی بحر سمجھ نہ آئے تو اسے بے وزن کہہ دیتے ہیں۔زیادہ تر ہندی بحر کے سلسلے میںان کا رویہ ایسا ہوتا ہے اوراگر ان کے سامنے کسی بڑے شاعر کا مصرع بہ طور نمونہ رکھ دیا جائے تو وہ اسے بھی بے وزن کہنے سے ذرا نہیں ہچکچاتے۔ فاع فاعلن یا فعَل فعولن ان کی سمجھ سے باہر ہو جاتا ہے۔ دراصل ایسے حضرات ہندی بحر کی چند معروف صورتوں کے سوا باقی صورتوں سے آشنا ہی نہیں۔
میرا یہ شعری مجموعہ ہندی بحر میںہی تخلیق ہوا ہے اور ہندی بحر میں خاصا تنوع پایا جاتا ہے۔ہمارے وہ لوگ جو عروض کو سرسری طور پر جانتے ہیں۔اس بحر کو سمجھنے میں ٹھوکر کھاتے ہیں۔وہ ہندی بحر کی چندمعروف صورتوں سے ہی واقف ہیں۔وہ بس اِسے ہی ہندی بحر سمجھتے ہیں مگر ہندی بحر کی متنوع صورتیں ہیں۔ان حضرات کے سامنے اگر کوئی مختلف صورت آ جائے تو وہ اسے سمجھنے سے قاصر رہتے ہیں کیوں کہ وہ ان صورتوں سے آشنا ہی نہیں اور وہ اسی ناآشنائی میں اس مصرعے کو بے وزن کہہ دیتے...

مقاصد شریعت اور حقوق کی ادائیگی کا باہمی ربط: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Allah guided His men through great Prophets and messengers who, through their active economic, religious and politico-economic lives, taught the people how to lead a life. As the people have to come across all these fields of life, therefore, performing rights and duties is essential for a peaceful society. The accomplishment of Sharia objectives depends on the performance of rights and duties. If there is some breach in these rights and duties, the Sharia objectives are lost. If we ponder over the decrees of Allah, it becomes clear that the accomplishment of the decrees itself is the permanence of rights and duties. In this research paper, the rights of the Creator on His men and the rights of men on their Creator, Similarly, the rights of men among themselves and their performance, and the rights of animals and how they can be performed have been described and these Sharia objectives rights are closely related to each other.

Essays on Impact of Banks Ownership Structure: Evidence from Pakistan

In recent literature corporate governance of banks has received a valuable interest from academic researchers and policy makers around the world. It is established that in banks failure or weakness of corporate governance has potential to destabilize the economy of a single country as well as other countries. “Basel Committee on banking regulation and Supervision” (BIS, 2010) highlights the key role of ownership structure in corporate governance of banks. Ownership concentration is a distinguished feature of corporations in many developing countries including Pakistan. When ownership is concentrated it helps to mitigate the conflicting issues of the owners and managers. In such a situation there is another type of conflict between owners with large equity and owners with small equity. In such case it is very important to know who the controlling shareholders are. This study empirically investigates the banks’ ownership structure effects in the wake of post privatization era in Pakistan. Addressing the needs of corporate governance of banks in Pakistan State Bank issued “Handbook of Corporate Governance” in 2003. The guidelines and recommendations provided in this handbook are extracted from the policies proposed by “Basel Committee on Corporate Governance”. The objective of the current study is to explore the impact of ownership concentration on i) performance, ii) risk taking and, iii) credit allocation efficiency using sample of commercial banks in Pakistan over the period 2000-2015. Data on concentration of ownership is collected from unconsolidated annual reports of banks. This study further categorizes large shareholders into i) state ownership, ii) family ownership, ii) institutional ownership, and iv) foreign ownership. The study assesses the impact of types of ownership on i) performance, ii) risk taking and, iii) credit allocation efficiency of sample commercial banks in Pakistan. This study also analyses the impact of managerial equity holdings on performance and risk taking of banks in Pakistan. The current study finds that in Pakistan bank performance increases when ownership is either dispersed (less than 30 percent) or highly concentrated (above 70 percent). However, performance decreases when ownership concentration is at intermediate level (30-75 percent on average). Government owned banks are detrimental to their bank performance while family, institutional and foreign ownership has positive influence on bank performance. Insider ownership has significant positive impact on bank performance when managers hold low or very high stakes in banks equity. When managerial ownership is between 12-40 percent, it has significant negative impact on bank performance. Further, the study finds that concentration of ownership has significant direct impact on bank risk taking in Pakistan. Government, family and institutional ownership increase bank risk taking while foreign ownership decreases bank risk taking. Managerial ownership has significantly direct impact on bank risk taking when managers’ ownership is either low or very high. Managerial ownership between 11-40 percent on average has negative impact on bank risk taking.Bank regulations decrease bank risk taking as ownership concentration increases. However, bank regulations affect bank risk taking by various types of owners, differently. This study also finds that ownership concentration of banks has negative impact on credit growth (public and private sector both). Ownership concentration has negative impact on credit allocation efficiency of banks. Government and foreign ownership of banks tend to invest inefficiently; however, family and institutional ownership of banks tend to allocate bank resources efficiently. The findings of this study conclude that in Pakistan high ownership concentration in banks helps to improve bank performance, enables banks to take more risk and invest in inefficient projects. Banks with majority of government ownership are associated with poor performance, high risk taking and inefficient credit allocation. Domestic ownership which comprises family and institutional ownership increases bank performance, bank risk taking and credit allocation efficiency. Foreign ownership of banks with majority of foreign ownership are associated with increased bank performance, less risk taking, and allocating resources to less efficient projects. The findings of this study highlight the need of policy intervention in order to regulate concentration of ownership in Pakistan’s banking industry. Policy makers are also suggested to take measures to encourage public and private banks to invest on rational investment projects instead of advancing credit to related parties.