میں نے بس تجھ کو چاہا ہے
کون سا ایسا جرم کیا ہے
لوگ مجھے کیوں دیکھ رہے ہیں
مجھ سے کیا کچھ غلط ہوا ہے
تجھ کو جس کی خبر نہیں ہے
تیری یاد میں سوکھ چکا ہے
اُس سے اتنی نفرت کیوں ہے
وہ تو تیرا دوست رہا ہے
تیری جدائی سہوں مَیں کیسے؟
تُو کیوں مجھ سے دور گیا ہے
آج کی رات نہ سو پائوں گا
گلی میں تجھ کو دیکھ لیا ہے
تیری گلی میں جاتا کیوں ہوں
ہوش کہاں مجھ کو رہتا ہے
کوئی تو بات ہے دل میں تیرے
میں نے یہ محسوس کیا ہے
رات بنی ہے سونے کو جی
جانے تُو کیوں جاگ رہا ہے
مسلم تہذیب و تمدن پر ہندؤ تہذیب کے اثرات: پاکستانی تناظر میں جائزہ Islam provides a complete and comprehensive concept of civilization that includes all aspects of human life and provides a complete philosophy of life. Generally speaking a civilization is the expression of any philosophy or belief that develops into the political, social, economical and cultural norms. Main focus of the present research is the impact of Hindu civilization on our society, we see that by living with the Hindu society, their beliefs, casteism, rituals, have influenced the people around them. Pakistan is and always has been an amalgam of a diverse culture. Pakistan has a rich culture without a doubt, but this culture is in the line of fire in association to powerful Indian culture. From birth to death, there are small rituals that were normally associated with Hindus, have also slowly mixed with Islamic culture and have become inseparable. Change in the social life of Muslims of subcontinent is due to conversion of a large number of Hindus to Islam. They accepted the preaching of Islam but did not give up their practices and rituals. Consequently, their rituals and practices were incorporated into the Muslim society. Some social ceremonies associated with births, deaths, and marriages were influenced by Hindu culture. It is a fact that media played a great role in propagating Hindu culture. Therefore, in this article, efforts are made to analyze all the factors due to which we are facing challenges of Hindu civilization and how we can get rid of its impacts on Muslims thoughts, culture and society. Allah Almighty says: O people, who believe in Allah, enter the whole circle of Islam. So, to address all above-mentioned challenges, a comparative and analytical research methodology with qualitative paradigm has been conducted in this research paper. At the end, solutions have been provided.
Gender Roles Redefined in Bharati Mukherjee's Novels This qualitative study is based on theoretical paradigms of feminism and gender. Hence feminism is my research methodology whereas textual and discourse anylysis are used as research method. Taking postcolonial feminist perspective, Bharati Mukherjee’s two novels, Jasmine and Desirable Daughters, are analysed in the light of theories presented by Simone de Beauvoir and Judith Butler: two feminists and gender theorists. Beauvoir’s ideas such as women as the Other, existence precedes essence, one is not born but becomes a woman, emancipation of women, and art of living are applied to the text of the selected novels. Similarly, Butler’s concepts of gender performativity, gender as an act and gender as a choice are analysed. According to Beauvoir and Butler, gender is a process of construction by society and culture. Here Indian and American societies are focused to study gender roles. Attempt is made to point out various factors that lead towards change in gender roles. The women characters and their lives in two different cultures are given a very detailed scrutiny. Problems faced by the women in India and then in the immigrant world of America are highlighted. Mukherjee’s female protagonists pass through a series of transformations to find their identities. This study also reveals limitations on gender choice and the process of finding gender identity. Effort is made to prove that women can live independently as a subject by making choices and developing a moral self. Mukherjee’s female as well as male characters change their roles. Hence gender roles redefinition is explained through my research study. At first, by deriving principles from the theories of Beauvoir and Butler, research hypothesis is made. Then research questions are formulated to prove the research hypothesis. Related literature is reviewed in detail so as to provide validity and authenticity to my research. The selected theoretical principles are then applied to the texts of both novels to test the research hypothesis. Examples are taken from both novels and texts are analysed in the light of views presented by theorists and critics. Using inductive mode of research inquiry; giving examples at first, deductions are made at the end and on the basis of research findings, conclusion is drawn.