خطوط کی تدوین و ترتیب کے لیے عمیق نظری کی صفت کا ہونا اہم ترین چیز ہے۔کاتب کے اسلوب کا جائزہ لیے بغیر خطوط کو یک جا کرنااور خاص مقاصد کی تکمیل کے لیے ان کا استعمال کرنا ممکن نہیں۔اسلوب خود انسان ہی ہے۔مراد یہ کہ اس میں انسان کی پوشیدہ شخصیت اور ذہنی ارتقا سامنے آ جاتا ہے۔انسان اپنے خط میں اپنی کیفیت کا اظہار کرتا دکھائی دیتا ہے۔وہ بے تکلفی سے اپنے خیالات و افکار کو صفحۂ قرطاس پر منتقل کرتا چلا جاتا ہے۔اس طرح کاتب کا جذباتی مد و جزر بھی پوری طرح عیاں ہو جاتا ہے۔ادبی اصناف میں سب سے اہم اور معلوم شخصیت خود لکھنے والے کی ہوتی ہے۔اسے یہ ہرگز معلوم نہیں ہوتا کہ اس کا مخاطب کون ہے؟ نہ زمان و مکاں سے ان کا رشتہ ثابت شدہ ہوتا ہے اور نہ ہی لکھنے والے کو ان کے فہم و ادراک کا اندازہ ہوتا ہے۔ٓج بھی نظم و نثر کے پڑھنے والے موجود ہیں اور ہزاروں سال بعد بھی رہیں گے۔اس طرح قارئین کے ساتھ ان کا ماحول بھی تغیر پذیر ہوتا رہتا ہے۔ خطوط کے معاملے میں یہ صورت مختلف میزان اختیار کر جاتی ہے۔اس میں کاتب اور مکتوب الیہ دونوں معلوم ہوتے ہیں۔ان کا رشتہ بھی زمان و مکاں کے ساتھ بندھا ہوا ہے۔وہ ایک مخصوص ماحول میں زندہ ہیں اور ان کی گفتگو بھی معلوم حقائق سے متعلق ہے۔کاتب اور مکتوب الیہ کی سطح ادراک ایک بھی ہو سکتی ہے اور مختلف بھی۔اس کے موضوعات قطعاً نجی اور ذاتی بھی ہو سکتے ہیں،قومی اور عالمگیر بھی۔ان خطوط کا محرک عداوت بھی ہو سکتا ہے اور محبت و عقیدت بھی۔کاتب اور مکتوب الیہ کا رشتہ رسمی اور کاروباری بھی ہو سکتا ہے اور اس کی جڑیں لکھنے والے کی ذات میں بہت گہرائی تک پیوسط بھی ہو سکتی...
ABSTRACT: This article presents an over view of studies conducted by the various scholars about portrayal of Islam and Islamic world during the time period (1971-2001) . It is claimed that mainstream media of west and US have been disseminating false information about Islamic world since the several decades. Due to the distorted images, developed and manipulated by the media, Islam is the name of negativity in the west. It is generally believed that western and United States mainstream media often misrepresents and inaccurately interprets/portrays Islam, Islamic world and its manifestation. After conducting in depth analysis of various studies regarding portrayal of Islamic world prior the incident of 9/11, it was found that elite media in the United States including the newspapers: Like New York Times and Washington post; the magazines: like Time and News Week, electronic media including: like ABC, CBS, NBS & CNN have been highlighting Islamic world in negative and unfavorable manner. It is said this anti Islamic campaign has reached to enormous proportion with the demise of communism. The that negative image of Islamic country is primarily a conspiracy of American foreign office to invent a new bogy and enemy to fill vacuum created by the collapse of soviet Union and world wide desperation of communism, particularly demise of communism in former USSR
The presented research work in this dissertation comprises of synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, hemolytic and enzyme inhibition studies of some new acetamides/sulfides bearing substituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazole and morpholine moieties. The acetamide, 1,3,4-oxadiazole and morpholine moieties are important functionalities because of their broad range of known pharmacological activities. Synthetic approaches (scheme-1-11) were utilized to synthesize poly-functional compounds. In first scheme, twenty three 5-substituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiols were synthesized by converting multifarious organic acids consecutively into the corresponding esters and hydrazides. Further the intermolecular cyclization of various carbohydrazides with carbon disulfide and potassium hydroxide yielded subsequent 5- substituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiols. Moreover, the reaction of different 5- substituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiols (scheme-2 & 3) with electrophiles, 2-bromo-N- [4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]acetamide and 2-bromo-N-[2-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl] acetamide yielded thirteen, N-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-2-[(5-aryl/aralkyl-1,3,4- Oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]acetamides and fourteen N-[2-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-2-[(5- aryl/aralkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]acetamides respectively in the presence of N,N- dimethylformamide and sodium hydride. Sixteen novel benzyl sulfides (scheme-4) bearing 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety and sulfo- morpholine functionality were synthesized (bromomethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)morpholine with by the different reaction of 4-(4- 5-substituted-1,3,4- Oxadiazole-2-thiols. Nucleophilic substitution reaction of free thiol group in 1,3,4- Oxadiazoles with 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine hydrochloride yielded thirteen, 4-[2- [[5-aryl/aralkyl-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl]thio]ethyl]morpholine derivatives (scheme-5) in the presence of acetone and potassium carbonate . A series of nineteen electrophiles (scheme-5), N-substituted-2-bromoacetamides was developed by the reaction of different substituted/unsubstituted aryl/aralkyl/alkyl amines with 2-bromoacetyl bromide by using DCM or basic aqueous medium as solvent. Seventy one (71) acetamides were synthesized by the reaction of 5-(2-chloro/3- chloro/4-chloro/4-nitrophenyl/phenyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiols with different electrophiles by simple stirring in the presence of DMF solvent and NaH base at the room temperature. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were characterized by using IR, 1H- NMR and mass spectral data. In addition, 13C-NMR technique was also used in some cases to support the structural analysis. A rational mass fragmentation pattern of some of the compounds is also proposed. Some of the 1H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and EIMS spectra of synthesized compounds are also presented for the obvious perceptive of signals. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, hemolytic and enzyme inhibition activities. Some of compounds were found to be active and showed interesting results in different studies declared above. The biological activity data in comparison of each scheme with the reference standard drugs is presented in biological activity section.