نواب حمیداﷲ خاں
گزشتہ مہینے نواب حمید اﷲ خاں مرحوم کے انتقال کی خبر اس وقت ملی جب شذرات کی کاپی جم چکی تھی، اس لیے معارف اس حادثہ پر اپنے تاثرات کا اظہار نہ کرسکا، نواب صاحب مرحوم اپنے اوصاف و خصوصیات میں دوسرے والیان ریاست سے بہت مختلف تھے، ان میں دین و دنیا کی بہت سی خوبیاں جمع تھی، فہم و فراست اور تدبیر و سیاست میں وہ ہندوستان کے ممتاز مدبروں میں تھے، اور ہر طبقہ میں بڑی، عزت و وقعت کی نظر سے دیکھے جاتے تھے، مذہبی اعتبار سے عملاً دیندار تھے، والیان ملک میں اس زمانہ میں وہ تنہا حافظ قرآن تھے، حج و زیارت کے شرف سے مشرف ہوئے تھے، ان کی تعلیم و تربیت عام شہزادوں کے برعکس بڑی سادگی سے ہوئی تھی اور انھوں نے بغیر کسی امتیاز کے علی گڑھ کالج میں عام طلبہ کی طرح تعلیم پائی تھی، جس کا اثر بعد میں ان کی زندگی پر رہا چنانچہ ان کے یہاں درباری آداب و تکلفات نہ تھے اور ہر شخص سے عام انسانوں کی طرح ملتے جلتے تھے۔
نواب صدیق حسن خاں مرحوم کے اثر سے ریاست بھوپال میں اس زمانہ میں بھی مذہب کے بڑے اثرات تھے جس سے دین و ملت کو بڑا فائدہ پہنچا مسلمانوں کا کوئی دینی و تعلیمی ادارہ اس ریاست کے فیض سے محروم نہ تھا، یہ وراثت نواب حمید اﷲ خاں کے حصہ میں بھی آئی تھی بلکہ ان کی صحیح تعلیم و تربیت نے ان خیالات میں اور زیادہ جلا پیدا کردی تھی، اور انھوں نے اپنے دور حکومت میں بہت سی اصلاحات کیں، وہ ایک عرصہ تک مسلم یونیورسٹی کے چانسلر بھی رہے تھے، دارالمصنفین بھی ریاست بھوپال کے ابرکرم کا ممنون تھا، بلکہ اس کا قیام ہی نواب سلطان جہاں بیگم مرحومہ کی فیاضی...
Epilepsy which is also called seizures disorder is an uncontrolled action of the central nervous system. It is not a single disease but a set of neurological disorders. Actually in this situation, the brain does not receive a precise signal and as a result an abnormal condition is produced that is usually involuntary in action. In this review, we aimed to focus on the relationship of anti-epileptic drugs with sexual dysfunction and adaptation of better remedies that improve a patient’s family life. Sexual dysfunction is a common comorbidity in people with epilepsy which badly affects their quality of life. Sexual dysfunction is caused by different factors like psychiatric problems, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and social factors etc. Sexual dysfunctions include ejaculatory failure, lessen libido, penile erection in men and irregular menstrual cycle in women. Common drugs such as Topiramate, Gabapentin (GBP), Valproate (VA), Carbamazepine (CBZ), Olanzapine (OL) and Risperidone (RTG) that are in practice to treat epilepsy usually produced adverse effect on sexual dysfunction. Even though a lot of studies have been carried out to control sexual dysfunction in epilepsy’s patient, but still research is going on. Medicine such as Cyproheptadine, Mianserin, Buspirone, Yohimbine were found better to treat epilepsy with minimum side effects of sexual dysfunction. Moreover, it is also seen that certain vasodilators, folate , and vitamin supplements are effective in improving the quality of life.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the levels of anxiety, depression, and meaning of life and degree of religiosity in clinical and non-clinical groups. The clinical group (n=250) comprised individuals suffering from GAD, OCD and MDD and the non-clinical group (n=250) consisted of those who were not suffering from any psychological disorder. The groups were compared in terms of their degrees of religiosity and meaning of life. The sample (N=500) was purposive, comprising equal number of males and females, ranging in age from 18 to 45 years (M=29.86, SD=8.10) and with educational level of graduation (14 years of schooling) or higher than that, which was taken from hospitals and other areas of Peshawar. It was hypothesized that the clinical group would have lower degrees of religiosity and meaning of life than the non-clinical group and that females would have higher degrees of religiosity and meaning of life as compared to males. The respondents’ degree of religiosity was determined by their scores obtained through the Index of Religiosity (IR). Their meaning of life was assessed through Life Regard Index-R (LRI-R). IPAT Anxiety Scale and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to measure the levels of anxiety and depression respectively. The data was statistically analyzed by using t-test, Pearson product-moment correlation and stepwise regression. The results show that the non-clinical group had a significantly higher level of religiosity (t = 10.616, p = .000, d = .95) and meaning of life (t = 31.84, p = .000,d = 2.85) than the clinical group. Religiosity was found to be significantly (p <.01) negatively correlated with anxiety (r = -.50) and depression (r = -.49). Similarly meaning of life was also significantly (p <.01) negatively correlated with anxiety (r = -.86) and depression (r = -.71). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that meaning of life is the strongest negative predictor of both anxiety and depression. The females had a significantly higher level of religiosity than males (t = 3.991, p = .000, d = .31). The females scored higher on IPAT Anxiety scale and BDI-II but lower on LRI-R as compared to males. The gender differences were low and non-significant with small effect sizes in anxiety (t = 1.430, p = .153, d = 0.13), depression (t = .518, p = .605,d = 0.04) and meaning of life (t = .663, p = .508, d = 0.06). The main hypotheses were supported by the study. It is concluded that individuals suffering from GAD, OCD and MDD experience lower levels of religiosity and meaning of life and females live through more religious lives. Females are only marginally more anxious and depressed than males and the males demonstrate slightly higher level of meaning of life than females. The study has implications for clinicians and general public.