اردو تنقید کے بنیاد گزار(محمد حسن عسکری)
محمد حسن عسکری کی ادبی زندگی کا آغاز۱۹۳۹ء میں ہوا اور جنوری ۱۹۷۸ء میں اپنے انتقال سے دو روز قبل تک مسلسل لکھتے رہے تھے،ان کی ابتدائی شہرت افسانہ نگار کی تھی۔مگر اپنے پہلے افسانوی مجموعہ"جزیرے"(۱۹۴۳ئ)اس کے اختتامیے پر جو کچ لکھا ،آج بھی ناصرف فکشن بلکہ زندگی،ادب، ثقافت اور مشرق و مغرب کے تہذیبی امتیازکے بارے میں ان کے پختہ تنقیدی شعورکا ایک بے مثال نمونہ ہے۔
محمد حسن عسکری کئی حیثیتوں کیمالک ہیںمگر سب سے زیادہ اہمیت ان کی تنقید نگاری کو حاصل ہے تاہم ان کی تنقید جتنی توجہ کی مستحق تھی اس سیمحروم رہی۔شاید اس کا سبب ان کا تیکھا طنزیہ آمیز انداز بیان ہے کہ اس کی زد سے کم ہی مصنف بچے ہوں گے۔ایک اور سبب یہ کہ ان نقطہ نظر میں جو تبدیلی آئی اسے لوگوں نے مصلحت اور خود غرضی ٹھہرایا اور ان سے بے نیازی کا رویہ اختیار کرلیا۔
ان کا مطالعہ بہت وسیع تھامگر ادب کے سلسلے میں ان کے نظریات مستعارلیے ہوئے نہیں بلکہ ان کے اپنے تھے اور مسلسل غوروفکر کا نتیجہ تھے۔ یہ غوروفکر بھی جاری رہا اور مطالعہ بھی اس لیے ان کے خیالات میں مسلسل تبدیلی آتی رہی۔وہ انگریزی ادب کے معلم تھے بطور خاص انھیں انگریزی ادب کا مطالعہ کرنے کا موقع ملا مگروہانگریزی ادب سے مرعوب نہیں ہوئے۔انہوں نے فرانسیسی زبان بھی سیکھی اور اہم تصانیف تک رسائی حاصل کی۔جس زمانے میں وہ انگریزی اور فرانسیسی ادب کے مطالعے میں منہمک تھے، ان کا نقطہ نظر یہ تھا:
"ساری انسانیت ہمیشہ سے ایک ہے اور ایک رہے گی۔ اس لیے مشرق اور مغرب کے درمیان کوئی فرق نہیں۔سائنس نے سارے فرق مٹا دیے ہیں اور انسانیت کوایک خاندان بنادیا ہے۔اس لیے مشرق اور مغرب کے فرق پر غور کرنا بے معنی ہے۔"
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This article highlights the religious, literary and political work of Moulana ShÉista Gul famous by the name of Mathe Mulla of Khyber Puktun Khawa (1303 A. H-1401A. H. 1886A. D-1981A. D MardÉn) He was well-known scholar of Qura’n, ×adith and Fiqah, his great contribution was to promote political awareness in the community with the concept ofTwo Nations Theory by his affiliation with Muslim League under the leadership of Quaid-eAÐam Muhammad Ali JinnaÍ. He was the convener of Jamiat ul AÎfia which was organized by the eminent religious leaders of that time to implement Sharia law in Pakistan. He was devoted to make Islam a living reality during his life time, his literary work is aimed to improve human communication and develop a better understanding among the people of this region. His monumental work was originally in Pashto widely spoken and understood in the North West of Pakistan. He was teaching and preaching Islam nearly in a span of seventy years. The main objective was to alleviate the deteriorating conditions of the Muslim society and to defend it from external threats. He emphasized to bring change and correct the wrong believes and detrimental actions. His theological doctrines influenced his followers and decedents who promoted his mission in the light of writings and ideas expressed by him.
Translation as an Act of Manipulation: Kiernan's Translation of Iqbal The present research aims to explore the translated text as an incident or site of manipulative literature. Manipulation is reflected as an intention in Translation Studies. Translation Studies have been recognized as a flourishing and successful field of knowledge by scholars of linguistics, literary study, history, anthropology, psychology and the like. These fields contribute theoretically to Translation Studies. The researcher has selected translation/s of the indigenous text as Source Language text created by Doctor Muhammad Iqbal in Urdu rendered into English (as Target Language text) by Victor Gordon Kiernan. These literary translations in the poetic form as test cases illustrate the manipulation ideologies dictated by translation theory and/or translatology. The focus is on the linguistic elements that are partially translated and are left un-translated during the act of translation. Such linguistic items appear as borrowings, calque, modulation and adaptation. These linguistic elements serve as tools and become yardstick for manipulation analysis of the translated text. The analysis is brought about with the help of textual and critical discourse analysis of the sample poems. The translated text serves as a premise to draw attention to the apparent lacuna or breach in passing on the (original) meanings during the act of translation. The translation norms as well as the translator’s language are influential in dictating the meaning within a text. A host of indigenous translators who have also done the poetry of Iqbal in English have also been included to explore the aporias, if any, created by the foreign translator (Kiernan). As meaning in a language is always context-bound and situation relevant, there exist a linguistic distance between the source and target languages. Similarly, a cultural distance between the two language communities also exists. That is why, the central function of translation as a powerful shaping force in a socio-cultural political set up is highlighted. The act becomes manipulative yet creative. Manipulation cannot be taken as a bias to condemn the translated literature. It comes up as the evolution of creation of new meanings in distant linguistic and cultural set ups.