پاکستان میں حکومتوں کی تبدیلی معمول کی بات ہے ۔ مشکل سے کوئی سیاسی جماعت تین سال اقتدار میں رہتی ہے کہ حکومت کا تختہ الٹ دیا جاتا ہے ۔ پھر انتخابات ہوتے ہیں ، پھر دوسری سیاسی جماعت کی حکومت بھی تبدیل کردی جاتی ہے۔پاکستان میں سیاسی عدم استحکام کی بہت سی وجوہات ہیں ،جن میں سےایک وجہ سیاسی جماعت کے قیام کی شرائط اور قواعدو ضوابط کی پابندی نہ کرنا ، دوسرا سبب یہ ہے کہ جو پارٹی بھی حکومت بناتی ہے ،وہ اپنے آپ کو قانون سے بالاتر سمجھتی ہے اورا نتقام کی پالیسی اختیار کرتی ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ سیاسی عدم استحکام کا اہم سبب عدالتی نظام میں عدل کا نہ ہونا ہے۔ وطن عزیز میں یہ سمجھا جاتا ہے کہ مقتد ر طبقہ حکومت کے آخری سال میں اپنے ذوق اور دوبارہ عوامی مینڈیٹ حاصل کرنے کے لیے قانون سازی کرتا ہے ۔ پاکستان کی سیاسی صورتحال اس کے بالکل الٹ رہی ہے ۔لہذا اس امر کی ضرورت ہے کہ سیاسی جماعتوں کو چاہیے کہ حکومت جس کو بھی ملے، اسی کو پورے پانچ سال حکومت کرنے دی جائے تاکہ وہ عوام کے سامنے سرخرو ہو سکے اور عوامی جذبات وخواہشات کے مطابق ملک میں قانون سازی کرسکیں۔ سیاسی عدم استحکام کی وجہ سے قوانین حدودوقصاص کی تنفیذ میں مشکلات آ رہی ہیں۔
The purpose of this research is to study the thresholds of the narrative text in a novel entitled Gardena to determine the nature of its concerns, and to invest the novelist in expressing his vision and experiences, and to reveal their effects in attracting the attention of the recipient to enter the space of the novel. The research concluded that the novel is full of these thresholds with its semantic, ideological and aesthetic dimensions, and it is based on the threshold: the title of the novel, etc. The background illuminates the text and focusses on the recipient's pleasure to dive into the narrative, as well as the objective of the artistic and seminal novelist in his choice.
In present study, Thuja orientalis (Thuja) and Cupressus sempervirens (Cypress) were collected from different agro-climatic regions of Punjab, Pakistan. These regions include Rice/ Wheat Punjab zone (Lahore, with semi-arid climate), Mixed-crop Punjab zone (Faisalabad, with desert climate) and Rain fed (Barani) Punjab zone (Islamabad, with warm and temperate climate). The leaves of Thuja and Cypress collected from each region were subjected to hydrodistillation and steam distillation separately, to extract essential oils from them. The yields of essential oils were found to be affected significantly by distillation methods as well as regional variations. The initial TLC analysis of these essential oils showed that these samples were consisted of different polarity groups, ranging from highly polar oxygenated compounds to semi-polar or non-polar terpene hydrocarbons. The chemical composition of all of these essential oils was studied by GC/MS which showed the presence of different major components in different essential oils, depending on regional variations and distillation methods. These essential oils were fractionated into different fractions by vacuum distillation fractionation and high speed counter current chromatography (HPCCC). The results of different biological activities showed that all of these essential oils and fraction were having significant antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm potential. Also, the fractions were mostly found to be more active than pure essential oils. The results of GC/MS analysis of most active fractions showed that vacuum fractions were mainly consisted of groups of compounds with two or more compounds in higher percentage while HPCCC fractions were consisted of relatively pure compounds with higher concentration. The bioactive compounds which were isolated from different fractions of Thuja and Cypress essential oils were α- Pinene, α- Cedrol, Δ-3-Carene, b- Pinene, α-Terpinyl acetate, α- Humulene, cis-Limonene oxide, and Isoaromadendrene epoxide.