الرّسم العثماني وأثره على المعاني القرآنية

The Holy Qur’an is miraculous in its words, methods, organization, statements, drawings and writing, as cited and agreed by all researchers, we aim through this research to: define the Ottoman drawing in Arabic language, terminologically, demonstrating its benefits, the rule of commitment to it, weighing between sayings, demonstrating its six rules, explaining and discussing the differences between the Quranic words drawings and mentioning several examples. The most important results of this research are: 1- The opinion which comforts one's self is the commitment to Ottoman drawing, and not to be written by modern spelling methods. 2- The Ottoman drawing has multiple benefits and advantages, which are not available in any other, so that it attracts commitment and reservation. 3- It has a very significant concurrence between the drawing and the meaning of the words and verses of Quran. 4- The Qura’nic word drawing strengthens the meaning and gives the full dimensions; achieving the honesty of Allah's saying: "and whose words can be truer than those of Allah?". 5- The letters' contiguity of Quranic word, knowing its characteristics embodies the meaning with the best picture. 6- The miracle of Ottoman drawing is a modern issue that Abdalaziz Ad-Dabbagh calls the most famous and the oldest one who declared this.        The most important recommendations made in this article are: 1- Conducting more researches about the benefits of Ottoman drawing, where it still needs more studies to be conducted, and more thoughts and meditations. 2- The spread of Ottoman drawing commitment culture between Quran teachers and students. 3- Obligating all Quranic associations that adopts Quran writing to write in Ottoman drawing, and prevent any other forms of writing. 4- Obligating all students and researchers to depend on Ottoman drawing through their studies and researches; which establishes a promotion to spread its culture. 5- Guiding the researchers for more studies on this topic, throughout a focused studies and clear scientific plans.

Theoretical Investigation of Dynamic Processes in Thermally Insulated Liquid Chromatographic Columns of Cylindrical Geometry

Liquid chromatography is a separation and purification process that has attracted attention due to its wide usage in biological, biochemical, fine chemicals, pharmaceutical and food processing industries. The task of this dissertation is focused on the theoretical study of linear and nonlinear liquid chromatographic processes in thermally insulated cylindrical columns packed with either fully-porous or core-shell particles and operating under either isothermal or non-isothermal conditions. Both non-reactive and reactive chromatographic processes are analyzed. In the latter case, separation and conversion of the reactants into products takes place concurrently. A two-dimensional general rate model (2D-GRM) in cylindrical coordinates is formulated to simulate these processes. For the simulation of linear chromatography, the finite Hankel and the Laplace transformations are applied one after another to obtain analytical solutions of the linear model equations for two different sets of boundary conditions. To further elaborate the process, the analytical temporal moments are obtained from the Hankel-Laplace domain solutions. These moments are very useful for analyzing the retention times, band broadenings and front asymmetries of elution profiles. The derived analytical solutions and moments are very useful for diluted or small volume samples. However, to simulate chromatographic process for concentrated or large volume samples, the numerical approximations of nonlinear model equations are needed. In this thesis project, a high-resolution finite volume scheme (HR-FVS) is extended and applied to solve the resulting 2D-model equations in cylindrical coordinates. Several case studies are conducted for a wide range of thermodynamic, kinetic and reaction coefficients. Furthermore, the coupling between concentration fronts and thermal waves are demonstrated through graphs and essential parameters influencing the column (or reactor) performance are pinpointed. A few consistency tests are also conducted for assessing the process performance. The solutions obtained are useful tools for analyzing, optimizing and upgrading the liquid chromatographic processes.