Legitimacy of Imprisonment as a Punishment in Sharīa

Throughout known human history, incarceration has been a prevailing practice. Regardless of the nature of the crime, imprisonment is now a widespread phenomenon globally. In Pakistan, as in many other states, detention is employed for a wide range of offenses, including instances where Islamic capital punishments are substituted with imprisonment. The adverse impacts of imprisonment are not limited to the individual offender; rather, they extend to the well-being of the offender's family and the broader society. Furthermore, the efficacy of imprisonment is questioned concerning its purported benefits in terms of reformation, retribution, and deterrence, with an examination revealing potential limitations in achieving these objectives. Considering the aforementioned issues, it is important to explore whether it is according to Islamic law or not? After analyzing all causes and aspects of detention given in the Prophetic time and Rashidun caliphate, it is concluded that in those times, imprisonment was just practiced till the decision taken for the criminal and then, one might set free or granted any hadd or ta‘zīr punishment. Subsequently, the individual could either be released or subjected to specific hadd or ta‘zīr punishments. In Shari'ah, permissible punishments include confining the offender to their residence or banishing them from the locality, with the provision for the latter to be accompanied by their family. Crucially, the absence of a concept of prolonged imprisonment within Sharīa’s code of crimes and penalties underscores the contention that imprisonment is perceived not merely as a punitive measure but as a severe crime against humanity.  This raises questions about the effectiveness of Pakistan's criminal justice system, suggesting that a more tailored and nuanced approach, considering individual circumstances, may be more operative. Keywords: Juristic Approach to Imprisonment, Imprisonment in Islam, detention in Islamic law, incarceration.

Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Novel Derivatives of Organoflourines and Their Metal Complexes

3- tri fluoro methyl aniline and 2-fluoro aniline are used to synthesize a series of Schiff bases and their metal complexes. These fluoro substituted anilines were reacted with salicylaldehyde, 5-bromo salicyldehyde, 3,5 di bromo salicyldehyde, ortho vanillin and 2 hydroxy naphthaldehyde to get fluoro substituted imines. Using these fluoro imines as ligands, their transition metal complexes were synthesized for which copper (II), nickel (II) and zinc (II) were selected for complex formation. Characterization of all of these synthesized compounds was done using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR, Proton NMR, Carbon NMR and single crystal XRD. The Metal to Ligand ratio in the synthesized metal complexes were estimated using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). Various biological applications of these synthesized compounds were studied. All of these Organofluorines Ligands and their metal complexes showed good antibacterial activity against various strains of bacteria.Antifungal, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of these imines and their metal complexes were also studied. The results showed that these compounds have a potential to be used as antifungal and anti-inflammatory agents however poor anticancer activity was showed by these compounds.