عشقی الہاشمی
عشقی الہاشمی(۱۹۰۹ء ۔۱۹۸۳ئ)کا اصل نام جعفر علی اور عشقیؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ عشقیؔ سیالکوٹ کے سادات نقوی خاندان میں ہوئے۔ آپ عربی فارسی میں خدا داد قابلیت رکھتے تھے اور علومِ شرقیہ کے بہترین اساتذہ میں شمار ہوتے تھے۔ عشقیؔ نے شاعری میں علی طالب الہٰ آباد ی اور لسان الہند مرزا ہادی عزیز لکھنوی سے فیض حاصل کیا۔ سیالکوٹ میں عشقیؔ کے بہت زیادہ شاگرد تھے۔ جنھوں نے اُردو شاعری میں اعلیٰ مقام حاصل کیا۔ اصغر سودائیؔ اور تابؔ اسلم جیسے کاملِ فن شعرا عشقیؔ کے تلمذ میں رہے۔(۴۴۱)
آپ نے مجلہ در’’نجف‘‘ میں بحیثیت مدیر معاون کام کیا۔ ’’شبابِ اردو‘‘ ،اور’’نوروز‘‘ کی ادارت بھی سنبھالی ۔اور امر تسر کے ہفت روزہ ’’مجلہ آرٹ‘‘ کے مدیر بھی رہے۔ (۴۴۲) ’’سر شک بہار‘‘ ،’’مطلع الانوار‘‘ ،’’سوزو ساز‘‘ ،’’سہا و سمن‘‘ اور ’’غزلستان‘‘ عشقیؔ کے چار شعری مجموعے ہیں۔’’العروض ‘‘تصنیف میں فنِ شاعری پر تنقید اور تبصرے شامل ہیں۔(۴۴۳)
عشقیؔ روایتی شاعر ہیں ان کے ہاں کوئی جدت نظر نہیں آتی۔ عشقی ؔ کے اسلوب پر دبستان دہلی اورلکھنو کے اثرات بھی دیکھے جا سکتے ہیں ۔ اُن کی غزلیات چھوٹی اور لمبی بحروں میں ہیں ۔شاعری میں قافیہ اور ردیف پر بہت زور دیتے ہیں ۔ان کی اکثر غزلیات کی طویل ردیفیں ہیں ایسا لگتا ہے جیسے وہ شاعری پر قافیہ اور ردیف کو فوقیت دیتے ہیں ۔ مذکورہ بالا خامیوں کے باوجود عشقیؔ کے ہاں آفاقی موضوعاتِ شاعری بھی موجود ہیں۔ اخلاقیات،رجائیت،قومیت،حقیقت پسندی،اصلاح ،عشقِ مجازی اور عشقِ حقیقی عشقیؔ کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں۔ اس حوالے سے نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
قوم پر جب زوال آتا ہے
نوجوان بے لگام ہوتے ہیں
جن کو جینے کا آ گیا طریق
ان کے اونچے مقام ہوتے ہیں
جو بشر احترام کرتے ہیں
Quality of life of chronic renal disease patients is affected by several factors, depending on stage of disease, type of treatment and sociodemographic factors Objective: To assess the quality of life undergoing hemodialysis patients Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore during February to May-2019. Patients suffering from chronic renal disease were included in the study and uncooperative patients were excluded in the study. Total 100 samples of chronic renal disease patients were selected through non-probability convenient sampling technique. Patients were assessed through pre-tested questionnaire. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis Results: According to results 39% patients reported that they were suffering from depression, 47% patients of chronic renal disease were unemployed, 28% patients were malnourished and 98% patients were having 3 or more dialysis sessions per week. Also only 26% patients thought that quality of life of older patients is better while 74% considered it poor. Only 77% patients thought that quality of life of middle aged patients is better while 23% patients considered that quality of life of middle aged patients was poor.42% patients thought that quality of life of young aged patients is better while 58%considered it poor Conclusions: Malnutrition, unemployment and hypertensionare the factors affecting the quality of life in patients undergoinghemodialysis in this study. The quality of life of middle aged patients was comparatively better.
In this thesis, we discuss the dynamical stability of charged compact objects with the help of some mathematical models. For this purpose, we have selected three different models of charged compact objects to discuss the possible occurrence of cracking under different conditions. In first selected model, we discuss charged anisotropic compact objects with a linear equation of state. In second model, we study anisotropic charged compact object PSR J1614-2230 in quadratic regime, while in third model, we study charged compact stars corresponding to embedded class one metric with perfect inner fluid distribution. We investigate the impact of electromagnetic field on the stability regions of charged self-gravitating compact objects by using the concept of cracking. For this, we have applied local density perturbation scheme to the hydrostatic equilibrium equation as well as on physical parameters involved in the model. In particular, we have examined the cracking of charged compact objects (a) PSR J1614-2230, PSR J1903+327, Vela X-1, SMC X-1 and Cen X-3 with linear equation of state (b) PSR J1614-2230 with quadratic equation of state (c) Her X-1, PSR 1937+21, PSR J1614-2230, PSR J0348+0432 and RX J1856-37 corresponding to embedded class one metric. We conclude that these objects exhibit cracking and stability regions decreases with the increase of charge. We also extend two conventional polytropic equations of state to generalized polytropic equations of state for spherical and cylindrical symmetries in the context of general relativity. For this purpose, we formulate the general framework to discuss the physical properties of spherical and cylindrical polytropes with charged anisotropic inner fluid distribution under conformally flat condition. We investigate the stability of generalized polytropic models through Tolman-mass and Whittaker formula for spherical and cylindrical symmetries respectively. We also discuss the possible occurrence of cracking in charged anisotropic polytropes developed under the assumption of generalized polytropic equation of state in two different ways (i) by carrying out local density perturbation under conformally flat condition (ii) by parametric perturbations. We conclud that one of the generalized polytropic equations of state results into a physically viable model and cracking appears for a specific range of density and model parameters.