فکر اقبال کے تناظر میں تہذیبی تصادم

A thorough critical analysis of human history highlights that the clash of civilizations centered on themes of conflict, war, and struggle. Historical experts use the word encounter to interpret or explain these relations among civilizations. Trade played a vital role in flourishing these ties, however, conflict and encounter have also been a part of almost all the phases or eras of human history. Developing nations have always looked up to the western world as a role model of economic and military progression, but this philosophy has also resulted in the escalation of tensions among these nations. World peace faces daunting challenges and is one of the most talked-about human concerns in the present times. Islam is currently being challenged by the western world in terms of the right interpretation of religious teachings and the true message of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Islam is still struggling to make its mark in the present world order, particularly after the 9/11 incident which painted Muslims as terrorists and fundamentalists. It is quite evident that the world is divided into factions or groups, where one group is the torchbearer of Islam and religious teachings, while the second group endorses western ideals or secularism. According to Samuel Huntington, it won’t be wrong to say that the next ideological challenge that the world faces after the ultimate demise of the Soviet Union is Islam and the prospective clash between the East and the West in the 21st century will be the most discussed topic. The present-day relationship between the East and the West is based upon rivalry. This conflict is not a new area of research and is centuries old. The only solution to this problem is to promote global peace and harmony and facilitate dialogue among nations. This would help in creating a social system that can center on values, harmony, peace, and love. Also, Iqbal’s philosophy can act as a guiding stone and can help in resolving this crisis. Iqbal’s universal social reconstruction theory highlights how different civilizations can live together and can facilitate constructive dialogue to improve civilizational ties. This article aims to incorporate the teachings of Iqbal, especially the universal social reconstruction theory to propose solutions for inter-civilizational clashes. This article aims to use the teachings of Iqbal as a beacon of light to promote constructive dialogue and peaceful coexistence among the two dominant sides of the world, resultantly leading in much prosperous and peaceful world order. 

Genetic Basis of Variation for Salinity Tolerance in Okra Abelmoschus Esculentus L.

For the development of salinity tolerant okra breeding material, studies were undertaken on the assessment of genetic variability for salinity tolerance in the available okra germplasm at the seedling stage, assessment of genetic diversity with molecular makers, responses of the selected tolerant and non-tolerant genotypes to salinity stress during ontogeny of the whole plant in summer and spring seasons and genetic basis of variation for salinity tolerance. Substantial variation appeared to exist in okra for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage. The 80 mM NaCl concentration was found suitable for discriminating tolerant and non tolerant okra genotypes because many genotypes failed to germinate at higher NaCl concentrations and maximum variation among the genotypes appeared at this concentration. The pooled ranking of the genotypes, based on their individual rankings for each trait in single NaCl concentration appeared effective for selecting tolerant genotypes. Twenty RAPD primers were used to analyze the genetic diversity among the okra germplasm, which showed considerable polymorphism in the okra genotypes. The cluster analysis divided the 39 okra genotypes into seven main clusters with maximum similarity of 82.88% between Sabzpari 2001 and Acc.No.019221. The genotypes selected at the seedling stage for salinity tolerance maintained their tolerance to NaCl during the ontogeny of whole plant. This suggested that the screening of the germplasm accessions and breeding material for salt tolerance at the seedling stage is effective, at least for initial selection. The NCM II analysis was carried out to estimate components of genetic variation in okra genotypes. The inheritance of salinity tolerance in okra at seedling stage appeared to be governed by both additive and non additive genetic effects. The additive effects were predominant and narrow sense heritability was moderate. It is concluded that the genetic variation for tolerance to NaCl salinity existed among the okra genotypes, which had considerable heritable component and, therefore, genetic improvement of okra genotypes for salinity tolerance through breeding and recurrent selection is possible.