عصر حاضر میں بین المذاہب ہم آہنگی کی ضرورت و اہمیت

The enmity and differences among nations have risen along with the increasing distances among people. Therefore, the need of hour is to develop the spirit of harmony and understanding among the followers of revealed religions. The Messengers and Prophets were designated by Allah to promote and promulgate, justice, tolerance, love and harmony among His creations. Islam is a religion based on characteristics of peace, love, respect, tolerance, dignity and denial of extremism, which are in the contemporary world ideal for interaction among nations. Islam teaches to respect all the religions and prophets to maintain and sustain the peace and harmony. The advanced technology of modern world and inventions demand intense responsibility to maintain and enhance the better human relations in Political, Social, Economic, Religious, and Cultural spheres of life. The present article envisions all those dimensions, which are essential for interfaith harmony.

Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Bread Wheat Germplasm for Grain Quality and Yield Potential

Wheat genetic improvement for various economic traits is always a challenging objective for the breeders. It is very crucial to meet the wheat quality and quantity demands considering the continuously increase of population, constrains of land, water and global environmental change. Especially, in the most fastrising markets of China and South-Asia where improvement in kernel quality is becoming much more important than ever, mainly because of fast increase of income and food diversity. The conventional wheat quality traits also require to be evolved by the influx of new processing technologies with much more concern on health aspects. The incorporation of different disciplines like proteomics, functional genomics, genetic transformation, bioinformatics, breeding and utilization of novel genetic resources, is swiftly endorsing our understanding for biochemical and genetic basis of quality encoding wheat attributes. So present project was designed to investigate the existing gene pool in current cultivars of Pakistan and land races and also explore the genetic diversity in Ae. taushcii derived synthetics. The results of phenological characterization showed that land races and synthetics had great potential for yield components as compared to Pak cultivars. In case of land races, LLR-29 and LLR-30 were good candidate genotypes for yield improvement while regarding synthetics SH-1002, SH-23, SH-378, SH-12, SH-829 and SH-905 showed good results for yield characters. For the quality parameters LLR-29, LLR-32, SH-23, SH-423, SH-1002, SH-378, SH-400 and SH-956 performed good during the experiment as compared to existing cultivars of Pakistan. It was also observed that LLR-29, SH-1002, SH-378 and SH-23 had great potential for yield and quality improvements as these genotypes performed their best for both characters. HMW-GS composition and individual allele frequencies showed that in total, 15 x-type and 9 y-type subunits were observed, of which Glu-A1 had 3 x-type ,Glu-B1 had 6 x-type and 5-type subunits and Glu-D1 had 6x-type and 4 y-type subunits. The genetic variation assessed through Nei’s index was highest for Glu-Dt1 locus (0.83) followed by Glu-B1 (0.77) while lowest diversity was observed at Glu-A1 locus which was 0.64. Out of33 different combinations,highest combinations observed was null, 6+8, 2.1+10.5 followed by null, 6+8, 1.5+10 and2*, 6=8, 2+12 observed in6 (11.76 %), 5 (9.80 %) and 5 (9.80 %) in synthetic wheats. Maximum HMW-GS diversity was found in synthetic hexaploid wheats. For LMW-GS, six alleles were found at Glu-A3 locus and nine alleles were found at Glu-B3 locus. Frequently observed allele was Glu-A3c found in 41 (50.61 %) genotypes followed by Glu-A3d and Glu-A3b found in 19 (23.45 %) and 12 (14.81 %) genotypes, respectively while Glu-A3e was only found in 2 (2.46 %) genotypes and was least frequent. At Glu-B3 locus, maximum frequency was observed at Glu-B3h locus that was in 15 (18.51 %) genotypes which was followed by Glu-B3i found in 14 (17.28 %) accessions. While, minimum frequent allele was Glu-B3d, that was observed in only three genotypes (3.70 %). In genetic diversity study by SNPs genotyping, the 90 K SNPs chip had given 35,906 biallelic SNPs, out of which 26,905 SNPs were polymorphic. An average call rate of 97 percent was obtained across all SNPs. Two genotypes SH-551 and SH-843 showed maximum heterozygosity for AB alleles with the percentage of 21 percent and 18 percent, respectively, while their call rate was 91 percent and 95 percent, respectively. A call rate of 98-100 percent with 2-0 percent heterozygosity was observed in the rest of genotypes.