تاشی تصویر گر
میں اذیت ناک لمحوں کی گود میں سر رکھے رو رہا ہوں
بچپن کی یادوں کے کچے رنگ
تصویر کے کینوس پر پکے رنگوں میں ڈھلتے جا رہے ہیں
یہ رنگ میرا قیمتی اثاثہ ہیں
دھنک تتلیوں کے دیس سے یہ رنگ چرانے آتی ہے
یہ سب میرے تصور کی پیدا وار ہیں
کسی تصویر میں امن کہلاتے ہیں
کسی میں محبت کے دکھ بن جاتے ہیں
چند تصویریں مجھے آزردہ کر دیتی ہیں
Reincarnation is a basic Hindu belief according to which the soul of a person is recreated for second time in different shapes according to their different actions. It is known as the belief of Samsara or reincarnation in Hinduism. If the person who passes away is good, his soul is transferred into a beautiful and nice body like that of birds etc. But if he is an evil person, his soul is transferred into ugly insects and animals etc. According to this belief, the difference between two human beings is due to the difference in their previous action or “karma” that he has committed in his previous birth. Human actions cannot be fruitful in this world and this is why a second birth is needed. This belief is wrong from Shariah perspective and it contradicts the basic Islamic belief of resurrection. Reincarnation assumes that there is no specific day on which actions will be rewarded; rather it is Auagun or Juni Cycle through which a human being deserves positive or negative reward. Imam Razi has refuted this belief through both logical and textual evidences. He has also replied the objections raised against the covenant of “alast”. (الست) According to Shariah, there is a second world beyond this physical for reward or punishment of deeds which is known as the Day of Judgment Doomsday. On this day, the Scale will be set and human actions will be weighed. Consequently, he will deserve either Paradise or hell. Paradise is an abode of perpetual rest and satisfaction whereas hell is a place of humiliation and degradation.
Background: MALDI-TOF MS is an analytical method that has recently become integral in the identification of microorganisms in clinical laboratories. It relies on databases that majorly employ pattern recognition or fingerprinting. Biomarker based databases have also been developed and there is optimism that these may be superior to pattern recognition based databases. This study compared the performance of ribosomal biomarker based MALDI-TOF MS and conventional methods in the identification of selected bacteria and yeast.
Methodology: The study was a cross sectional study carried out in collaboration with the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland and Mabritec laboratory, Riehen, Switzerland. Clinically relevant bacteria and yeasts identified from clinical specimens submitted to the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUH, N) laboratory were included in the study. The processing of the clinical specimens and identification of the isolates using conventional Vitek 2 automated system and serotyping was performed at AKUH, N while the identification of the isolates using MALDI-TOF MS and analysis of spectra using SARAMISTM and PAPMIDTM databases was performed at Mabritec laboratory, Riehen, Switzerland. Comparison of sensitivities was then carried out using Pearson Chi-Square test or Fischer’s exact test and P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Secondary outcomes analyzed include the proportion of major and minor errors reported in percentages.
Results: Of the 386 isolates MALDI-TOF MS and conventional methods identified 97.6 % and 95.8 % (p = 0.155) to the genus level and 97.5 % and 87.3 % (p < 0.001) to the species level respectively. Biomarker based MALDI-TOF MS was significantly superior to Vitek 2™ in the identification of Gram negative bacteria and Gram positive bacteria to the species level. PAPMIDTM correctly identified isolates of Klebsiella variicola and Acinetobacter genomospecies 13BJ/14TU that were misidentified by SARAMISTM and Vitek 2™. For the Gram positive bacteria, significant difference was observed in the identification of Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (p < 0.001) and Enterococcus (p = 0.008). Significant difference was also observed between serotyping and MALDI-TOF MS (p = 0.005) and this was attributed to the lack of identification of Shigella species by MALDI-TOF MS. No significant difference was observed in the identification of yeast however some species of Candida were unidentified by MALDI-TOF MS.
Conclusion: Biomarker based MALDI-TOF MS had good performance in a clinical laboratory setting with high sensitivities in the identification of clinically relevant microorganisms.