Methodology of Prophetic Revolution
Dr. Isrār Aḥmad is unique in giving the idea of a Prophetic Revolution to the present society. Various scholars have given different ideas on it. Let us first see what Dr. Isrār has said about it.
In his lectures, he describes six phases of the Islamic/Prophetic Revolution which are:-
(1) Invitation(Da‘vat)
(2) Organization(Tanẓīm)
(3) Training(Tarbiyyat)
(4) Absolute Patience(Ṣabr-e-Maḥiḍ) and Non-violence
(5) Step Forward(Iqdām) and Challenge
(6) Armed Conflict, i. e. Musallah kashmakash/Qitāl fī Sabīl-e-Allāh[1]
First Phase: Invitation (Da‘vat)
Dr. Isrār Aḥmad is of the view that as a first stage of the revolution there should be some novel idea; some revolutionary philosophy that should be spread and presented before the people who should be convinced in their minds about the usefulness of this idea through arguments and reasoning. [2]
All the Islamic Movements working in society today consider INVITATION(Da‘vat) as the first phase and there is no difference of opinion about it. When the holy Prophet (SAWS) himself started his work; he first invited the people towards Dīn and presented an ideology before them. MaulānāṢafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakpūrī(d:1428A. H/2007A. D) in his book Al-Raḥīq al-Makhtūm divides Prophetic life into two parts;
- Makkan Life
- Medinite Life
He has divided Makkan's life further into three phases;
- The phase of Secret Invitation.
- The phase of Open Invitation and preaching amongst Makkans.
- The phase of Popularity and spreading of Islamic Invitation outside Makkah. [3]
The above facts indicate that the holy Prophet (SAWS) started his mission with an invitation and the...
Imran Iqbal's name is prominent in Urdu fiction. He is from Bahawalpur but he is residing in the United States for employment. Imran Iqbal tried his hand at travelogues, fiction, novels and memoirs. He has made women and her issues the subject of his fictions. Imran Iqbal has presented a true picture of a woman who at every step faces various forms of male repressive behavior, outdated customs, husband and father-in-law atrocities, domestic violence and sexual harassment. Her fiction depicts women's psychological problems, the sexual appetites of landlords, capitalists, bureaucrats and top officials. Imran Iqbal has awakened Tanila consciousness through his pen.
This thesis describes the experimental study of the sooting discharges in which a variety of carbon clusters is produced. The regenerative sooting discharges have been studied and their carbon cluster forming characteristics are compared with the non-regenerative sooting discharges. A large number of experimental arrangements have been used in which sublimation and sputtering processes were investigated in detail to understand the basic mechanisms for the formation of carbon clusters. The effects of experimental parameters on the clusters formed in the two types of carbonaceous discharges i.e. the non-regenerative and the regenerative sooting discharges are reported. Continuous as well as pulsed operations of the discharges have been studied. The carbon clusters are produced in carbonaceous environments where either the high temperature arc discharges sublime the graphite electrodes or the glow/arc discharges in the graphite hollow cathodes take place with sputtering being the dominant mechanism. Regenerative soot is shown to have different characteristics and constituents compared with those in the non-regenerative soot. We have shown that small clusters dominate in the regenerative sooting discharges. The basic constituents of the two types of soot are also different; in the case of the regenerative soot C 3 is the basic constituents while for the non- regenerative soot C 2 seems to be an essential basic unit. Emission spectroscopy of the non- regenerative discharges indicates the predominance of diatomic carbon C 2 in the continuous as well as the pulsed modes. C 2 is the main sublimed species. Under these conditions cage closure leading to fullerenes and nanotubes is more likely. Mass spectrometry with an ExB Wien velocity filter has been used to complement the results of emission spectroscopy in the case of the regenerative soot. The mass spectra from graphite hollow cathode duoplasmatron ion source clearly show that C 3 is the major surviving specie along with other clusters C 4 & C 5 with lesser yields. The environment of the twin plasmas in the duoplasmatron ion source is such that higher clusters cannot survive and are fragmented into smaller clusters with C 3 as the dominant end product.