غربت و افلاس، جبری مشقت اور تشدد
ایک ان پڑھ اور غریب معاشرہ کبھی بھی ترقی کی منازل طے نہیں کر سکتا۔اسی وجہ سے بڑھتی ہوئی روز بروزسماجی تفریق اور غربت معاشرے میں ناسور کی شکل اختیارکرتی جا رہی ہے۔ معاشرے کا ایک طبقہ اگر زندگی کی ضروریات کو پورا کرنے سے محروم رہتا ہے تو غربت کسی بھی معاشرے میں اس سماجی تقسیم کا نام ہے جس میں ایک گروہ خوب ترقی کی منزلیں طے کرے تو دوسری طرف دوسرا گروہ مسلسل غربت و افلاس سے تنگ و تاریک زندگی گزارنے پر مجبورہو۔ کیونکہ اختیارات رکھنے والے کبھی بھی تنگ و تاریک زندگی گزارنے والے سفید پوش لوگوں کو ان کا حق نہیں دیں گے۔لوٹ کا بازار ایسا گرم ہے کہ مردہ ضمیر لوگ یہ بھول بیٹھے ہیں کہ ایک نوالہ ان کے لیے وجہ رحمت بن سکتا ہے۔غربت کی اسی رفتار کو ماپتے ہوئے کہا جا سکتا ہے کہ نوجوان نسل اور بچے اس غربت کا شکار ہو رہے ہیں۔بھوک سے تنگ انسان خوشحال و مطمئن زندگی نہیں گزار سکتا، وہ محروم ہے ہر اس پل سے جسے وہ سوچ کر خوش بھی نہیں ہو سکتا۔ انہوں نے بھی اس درد کو محسوس کیا اور ناول نو لکھی کوٹھی میں اس کو اپنا موضوع بنایا۔
مولوی کرامت کا گھرانہ جو پچھلے تیس سال سے چھوٹے سے گاؤں میں رہتا تھا۔گاؤں کی آبادی سو پچاس گھروں پر مشتمل تھی۔مولوی کا دادا بھی جب اس گاؤں میں آیا تو گدا گری اور چندے سے کام چلاتا تھا۔تب گاؤ ں کی مسجد خالی پڑی تھی۔اس نے ادھر ہی گڈری جما لی اور نماز پڑھنے لگا۔ شروع شروع میں لوگ غربت کو مدنظر رکھتے ہوئیترس کھا کر روٹی دے دیتے تھے۔دیکھا دیکھی گاؤں کے کچھ لوگوں نے اس کے پیچھے نماز...
Religion Islam has given equal rights to men and women in the field of education. For men education was compulsory and women were encouraged to seek education. Both males and females have been referred to using polygamous section for education while women are often encouraged and especially emphasized. The Prophet(SAW)arranged special seats for the gender critical in order to highlight the importance of women education. That was way the passion for special education in women grew so much that women discussed global issues with men and solved to reject men’s judgement. It was the influence of this academic moment that many Muslim women not only made a name for themselves, but also wrote books on various research topic in the field of Hadith, Commentary, Iftaa and many other Sciences. Thanks for this global revolution Muslim rulers not only provided a learning environment for their children but also established large educational institutions for ordinary women. The astonishing thing is that despite this wonderful past today Muslims are unable to provide a safe and secure opportunity for education to women.
Plant extracts due to their antioxidant properties and lack of any toxicity or side effects to the human skin are becoming prevalent as ingredients in different cosmeceutical preparations because they can protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiations and the free radicals produced due to these radiations. Plant extracts are useful in treating different skin conditions and are effective for depigmenting and soothing effects as well as act as moisturizers when applied topically due to the different agents they contain. The current work aimed to prepare stable formulations that act as vehicle for the effective and safe delivery of active ingredients in the form of topical water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion; with comparable antioxidant properties, their in-vitro characterization and in-vivo study on human volunteers. Stable placebo formulation (F4) without active (plant extract) and stable formulations F1 (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extract), F2 (Bombax ceiba extract) and F3 (Matricaria recutita extract) containing plant extracts were developed as creams of water-in-oil type. Antioxidant activities of plant extracts were determined by three different methods namely DPPH, reducing power activity (RPA) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity while those of formulations containing plant extract were determined by DPPH (2, 2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were also assessed in the extracts. In-vitro characterization was done to investigate the changes in the physical stability (color, liquefaction, phase separation, centrifugation, viscosity and rheological parameters) in active formulations (F1, F2 and F3) containing plant extract and placebo (F4) by storing them at different storage conditions, i.e. 8 ºC, 25 ºC, 40 ºC and 40 ºC + 75% RH for a span of 12 weeks. In-vivo characterization was done to measure the effects of active formulations (F1, F2 and F3) on various skin parameters like melanin, erythema, moisture contents, elasticity, sebum and surface evaluation of living skin (SELS parameters) on human volunteers by taking the reading at specific time intervals for a total of three months. For this purpose a single blinded, split face study was conducted by dividing the volunteers into three groups with 11 volunteers in each group. Statistical tools of two-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test were employed to assess the effects produced. Antioxidant activities of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Bombax ceiba and Matricaria recutita extracts were 78%, 90% and 87%, respectively by DPPH method. The fresh active formulations (F1, F2 and F3) containing these extracts showed 72%, 80% and 81% anti-oxidant activities, respectively while placebo formulation (F4) showed no activity. Active formulations containing plant extracts (4% each) as well as placebo F4 showed good stability and rheological characteristics for a total period of 12 weeks. Phytochemical analysis revealed that extracts are rich in phenolic and flavonoid contents. Active formulations F1, F2 and F3 exhibited significant changes in different skin parameters while placebo (F4) displayed an insignificant change in skin melanin (P=0.05), elasticity (P=0.05), and moisture contents (P=0.000) while an increase in sebum was observed. Active formulations depicted statistically significant (P=0.05) effects on surface evaluation of living skin parameters i.e., skin roughness (SEr), skin scaliness (SEsc), skin smoothness (SEsm) and skin wrinkles (SEw) while placebo formulation did not appear to affect SELS parameters significantly. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that the formulations containing plant extracts were found safe and effective for the improvement of skin parameters. Keywords: plant extracts, W/O emulsion, rheology, stability, viscosity, melanin, erythema.