سات حرفوں پر قرآن حکیم کے نازل ہونے کے اسباب اور اس کی حکمتیں

Allah has revealed Holy Quran to guide and transform the lives of human being. According to Hadith, Quran was revealed in seven dialects because it is the name of wisdom. So, seven alphabets have numerous philosophies and benefits embedded in them. In this article introduction of Quran along with literal and figurative meanings have been elaborated. Details of seven alphabets have been explained vividly besides literal and figurative meanings of seven alphabets have been expounded. After that three important axioms of savants have been narrated. Amongst them, Imam Razi’s axiom is cited specially. In the last, modern axiom is given with explanation in a lucid way. A part from that, the logics and reasons behind the revelation of Quran in seven dialects have been deliberated including revelation of Quran in Arabic language, affection of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) for Ummah, convenience for Muslim Nation, satisfaction for nature, eradication of linguistic bias amongst Arabs, consensus of two commands, narration of two commands of different versions. Abundance of virtues, legitimacy of Qur’an, statures of readers and replicators of readers and others have been mooted exhaustively. In the end, article is summarized in the light of modern era.

Active Queue Management for 5G Networks

Societal development and Machine Type Communication are the two key forces shaping the communication. Emerging applications like e-health, e-business, e-banking, e-learning and their proliferation into daily life around the world is going to put tremendous load on mobile and wireless communication. IoT, smart cities, traffic controls, smart grids and industrial automation and controls are examples of future communicating machines paradigm. These scenarios lead us to foresee that future communication will pose challenges of extremely higher data rates, much lower latencies, and massive numbers of connected devices, connectivity, mobility, and cost and energy efficiency. 5G networks are supposed to meet these challenges. So far, the quest for 5G is focused on identifying enabling technologies. Active Queue Management (AQM) which was initially devised for congestion control in TCP/IP architecture, in following years became important part for provisioning Quality of Service. Extremely higher data rates that are promised by 5G technology and provisioning of connectivity to unlimited number of devices with guaranteeing latency; it calls for application of AQM for 5G networks. Moreover greater buffer size that results from classical bandwidth delay product for each link causes additional delays due to architectural limitation of memory access time. This further signifies the role of AQM. This work proposed 5G network architecture with AQM. It also investigated the application of state-of-the-art AQM techniques namely Controlled Delay (CoDel) and Proportional Integral controller Enhanced (PIE) to the 5G networks along with Random Early Detection (RED) and DropTail. The proposed architecture was validated by performing simulations in NS3.