اسلم عارف
اسلم عارف (۱۹۲۷ئ۔۱۹۹۰ئ) پسرور کے ایک نواحی گائوں بن باجوہ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ (۷۳۷) آپ نظم ،غزل اور قطعہ گو شاعر تھے ۔عارف کی شاعری مقامی وملکی سطح کے رسائل وجرائد میں شائع ہوئی ۔ا ن کی شاعری میں روایتی موضوعات کے ساتھ ساتھ جدت بھی پائی جاتی ہے ۔حقیقت پسندی اور رومانیت بھی عارف کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں ۔ نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
اے حسینہ سنوارلے گیسو
اشک کب تک بہائے گی
قبر کے پھول سوکھ جائیں گے
زندگی لوٹ کر نہ آئے گی
(۷۳۸)
ایک مفلس بندہ مزدور پر روئے گا کون؟
زندگی میں بھی اگرچہ بے سرو سامان تھا
مر کے لیکن رہ گیا اس طرح بے گور کفن
جیسے اس دنیا کا بس یہ آخری انسان تھا (۷۳۹)
Islam is a complete code of life which provides guidance in political, social and economic affairs. Economics deals with very importnt sphere of human life that involves struggle for survival. This struggle is always appreciated because Allah Almighty Himself motivates for it. The basic aim of this is to eradicate poverty and huger and to bring happiness and satisfaction in society but the condition is that all the economic activities should be done with within the limits of sharia. Otherwise the efforts of human beings in this world as well as hereafter will never be successful. In contemporary economic trends, investment in securities is well known and popular. Government and private institutions issue bonds, shares, debentures etc to provide economic security to the people but in various types of sceurities Shar‘ah laws are not taken care of. Where, for a Muslim, injunctions of Shar‘ah are everything. There are tidings of rewards on obeying these injunctions and warning of punishment on their violation boath in this world and hereafter. Economic experts suggest to invest but People remain uncertain in these schemes. Regarding this objective, in this article few types of securities (Shares, Debentures and Prize Bonds) have been discussed in Shar‘ah perspectives and prize bonds were given special attention because of difference of openion of scholars about it. Some alternate solutions which may provide an insight into Islamic fiscal monetary system have been provided at the end.
The detoxification of xenobiotic organic compounds by various microorganism through oxidative coupling is facilitated with oxidoreductases. With the help of energy yielding biochemical reactions these microbes extract energy for their metabolic pathway. They promote the transfer of electrons from a reduced organic substrate to another chemical compound. Enzymatic bioremediation of toxic organic pollutant is the very effective strategy in complex environmental conditions. Oxidoreductases enzyme have a significant potential for the bioremediation of the xenobiotic compounds. Various electron donor complex polymeric substrates containing Phenol and aromatic amines oxidized by peroxidase in the presence of H2O2 while O2 in the case of dioxygenase. Fungi are important among microorganisms for production of extracellular peroxidases. The present study aimed for production and characterization of peroxidases (laccases and lignin peroxidases) and dioxygenase for polymer biodegradation. Fungal strains named as Nk-1, Nk-2, Nk-3 and Nk-4 were selected and processed for different optimization studies. NK- 1 was identified 18s rRNA sequencing as Phanerocheate chrysosporium was further selected for enzyme production. Maximum enzyme production was observed at temperature at 30°C, pH 5.5. Statistical analysis indicates the significance of model and components based on F value and P value <0.05. Purification of enzymes was done by column chromatography. The molecular weight estimation was carried out by Sodium dodecyl sulphate SDS. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of enzyme treated substrate revealed the structural changes as compared to control (without enzyme treatment). The decrease in weight (0.08g) was observed in enzymes treated film then control (0.1g). FTIR spectroscopy of enzyme treated plastic film revealed the structural changes as compared to control (without enzyme treatment) i.e. a new peak appeared at 3367 cm -1 (Alkenyl C-H stretch). The peak at wavelength 1633 cm-1 (C=C stretching vibration of aromatic ring) in treated sample was sharp and larger as compared to the control. A visible change in surface of PVC films in term of surface erosion was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) after enzyme treatment. Peroxidase enzymes have wide range of applications from biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds to paper and pulp, cosmetic, food and textile industry. Enhanced production from food waste as cheap substrate was studied. Biosynthesis of lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase enzymes from food waste as a substrate is possible and their production can be enhanced by optimizing different factors. The native way of synthesizing dioxygenase, laccase and lignin peroxidase are not enough to the current industrial demands mostly because of their small amount of yield and the high cost of purification or synthesis. Heterologous expression may allow the production of laccase and lignin peroxidase in higher amount and with desired characteristics. In the present research study, the heterologous expression of fungal lignin peroxidase and laccase were performed in the cells of DHα5 strain of E. coli bacteria. With the help of shake flask experiment, the enzyme assay for enzymes was performed and a variation in the enzyme activity was observed during incubation time. Molecular weight of lignin peroxidase and laccase were found to be 46 kDa and 66 kDa respectively, as determined by the SDS-PAGE analysis. The enhanced production of fungal lignin peroxidase and laccase can be achieved through heterologous expression in bacterial host so that the biodegradation of recalcitrant plastic waste can be speed up.