عشق پیچہ سیالکوٹی(۱۸۹۵۔۱۸۰۱) عشق پیچہ تخلص ہے کہیں پیچہ بھی لاتے ہیں۔ فرید لاہوری کے شاگرد ہیں۔ ان کا قلمی دیوان ذخیرہ شیرانی پنجاب یونیورسٹی میں محفوظ ہے جس میں غزلیات کے علاوہ ایک وا سوخت‘ چند مناقب‘ مخمس اور رباعیات شامل ہیں۔
حافظ محمود شیرانی عشق پیچہ کے بارے میں یوں رقمطراز ہیں:
عشق پیچہ کے ہاں اگرچہ کوئی جدت اور بلند خیالی نظر نہیں آتی اور زبان کے عیب بھی پائے جاتے ہیں تاہم وہ اس دبستان کے جو دہلی اور لکھنؤ کے نام سے مشہور ہے ،ایک کامیاب مقلد ہیں۔ (۱۸)
عشق پیچہ کی شاعری میں زبان کے عیب ہونے کے باوجود شاعرانہ تعلّیٰ ،تلمیحات و محاورات کا استعمال جا بجا نظر آتا ہے۔ اس حوالے سے اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
پری زادوں کو حرزِ جاں ہے مطلع میرے دیواں کا ہر اک نقطہ ہے میرے شعر میں خاتم سلیماں کا
لکھوں مضمون اگر میں اوس پہ اوس زلف پریشاں کا نہو شیرازہ روز حشر تک بھی میرے دیواں کا (۱۹)
لکھوں اس پر اگر وصف عیانِ جانِ جاناں کا بیاض چشم عنقا ہر ورق ہو میرے دیواں کا
یہ رویا میں کہ پائی ہو گئی سب آبرو میری خیال آیا جو کچھ بہتے ہوئے چاہِ زنخداں کا
یہی ہے عشق پیچہ روز و شب اب التجا حق سے الجھ جاوے نہ ہرگز دل کسی انساں سے انساں کا (۲۰)
روایتی اردو شاعری کا محبوب اپنے عاشق پرظلم و رستم کرتا رہا ہے۔ محبوب کی اپنے عاشق کا فریفتہ کرنے کے لیے مکارانہ چالیں بھی کلاسیکی اردو شاعری کا حصہ رہی ہیں۔ عشقِ مجازی روایتی شاعری کا ایک بڑا موضوع رہا ہے۔ عشق پیچہ نے بھی روایتی شعر کہے ہیں اس حوالے سے اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
طائر دل کو ملا دانہ سے صدمہ جال کا دھیان جب آیا پسِ مرگ اوس کی ترچھی چال کا
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Islam is the religion of nature. It not only approves the social interaction among the masses, but also helps in its development towards positive ends. Islam has given natural and universal principles which help its followers to develop a harmonious society, discouraging all the attempts to divide the society into different sections. Islamic society is based upon the following fundamental principles i. E equality, harmony of thoughts, justice, amar-bilmaaruf-wa-nahi-anilmunkar (ask for good and forbid from evil), unity, sense of responsibility, virtue and evil, abolition of sectarianism & fulfillment of promises, reflecting the universality of the religion, Islam. Pakistan today, is facing various social problems like terrorism, corruption, poverty, unemployment, broken families, sectarianism, onslaught of western culture and demand of unrestricted liberty by womenfolk. The moral degradation of the society is due to the fact that the true Islamic spirit and moral teachings and trainings of Islam have not been applied with true mind and honest intentions. The moral values are ignored by the media which is the cause of great concern.
This thesis describes detailed experimental studies of patterns and routes of fragmentation of C60 in the condensed form and as powder. The fragmentation has been investigated in collisional and ablative environments using continuous and pulsed, ions and electron beams. Two different types of experimental setups are used for the study of fragmentation in the two modes. Continuous mode fragmentation by Cs+ is studied using mass spectrometry. The effects of incident particle''s energy as well as dose variation on fragmentation patterns are investigated. Threshold energies for the emission of only C2 as a fragment in mass spectra are found to be different for C60 fullerite and powder samples. The pulsed and continuous mode fragmentations lead to ablation and collisional sputtering studies. Pulsed electrons and Ne+ induced fragmentation of C60 cages are studied by in situ emission spectroscopy. Source of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering, SNICS is employed to investigate collisions of Cs+ with C60 that led to its fragmentation. The Cs+ sputtered clusters, from the C60 acting as cathode surface are mass analyzed to identify the patterns and routes of the cage fragmentation. Two regimes of fragmentation of C60 cluster are observed by variation of E(Cs+) and showed significant difference among the emitted fragments. In the case of thermal regime, C60 undergoes fragmentation without destruction of the cage structure (Cs+-C60). The C60 cage however, shrinks by emitting one or more C2s. In the collisional regime the interaction of the incident particle with the cage constituents are more pronounced (Cs+-Cx). Effect of Cs+ dose variation on fragmentation patterns of C60 is also investigated using SNICS. Continuous irradiation by Cs+ is monitored by C2''s emitted intensity. C2 is found to be the major fragment even from the destroyed C60 cages after heavy dose of Cs+ ions. The ablative experiments are performed in pulsed discharge ion source. Fragmentation of C60 is compared with that of graphite. Two set of experiments are performed in this mode; one using electrons and the other using Ne+ ions. Due to the polarity and mass difference, the two incident particles produce different fragmentation patterns. In-situ emission spectroscopy observed the emitted fragments'', excited states. The vibrational temperature of C2 molecule emitted as fragment in result of electron ablation is found to xvii be ~ 12000 K. For the case of Ne+ induced fragmentation, the emitted C2 is found to be in non-LTE state. For both collisional and ablative experiments, C2 is found to be the dominant fragment at all bombarding energies and in all target conditions. Mass spectra observed C2 as the major fragment and emission spectroscopy provides clues to the details of the fragmentation route via C2 ejection. Structural changes in the irradiated C60 after bombardment of these particles are investigated by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Cs+ induced damage in the C60 clusters resulted in amorphization of the structure. The cage structure is destroyed as a result of heavy Cs+ dose. Pulsed Ne+ and electron ablation of C60 powder samples also resulted in breakage of the cages. Mass spectra of the heavily damaged and reformed fullerite continue to show C2 as the main fragment with C1, C3 and C4 as minor fragments. Diagnostics include emission, FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy, XRD, AFM, mass spectrometry.