Tradition and Modernity within Islamic Civilization

Colonialism has impacted on Islamic Law as well as Islamic civilization. Islam has a dissonant relationship with modernity in that it agrees with central aspects of this epochal phenomenon and parts ways with others. The compatibility issues were raised by the Muslim thinkers. Many Muslim scholars have contributed to give an original understanding of message of Islam detached from sectarian influences. Traditions are considered to be the vehicle for the transference of factors to modernity with a strong role in determining power and culture of a civilization. Thus, they pave the way for the power tools of a civilization. The theories of Muslim scholars from Asia and Egypt are discussed to elaborate the Muslim understanding of facing the challenges of modernity. The contemporary scholars’ views are also added with an analysis of their observation on compatibility of Islam with modern era challenges and the criticism on it due to their modernity conception.

Energy-Balancing With Sink Mobility in the Design of Underwater Routing Protocols

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have been considered to provide efficient monitoring tasks and help in exploring aquatic environments. UWSNs composed of small size sensor nodes which are randomly or deterministically deployed in the desired sensing area. The focus of this thesis is energy balancing with sink mobility through the design of routing strategies for UWSNs. First and foremost, Dolphin and Whale Pods Routing (DOW-PR) routing, implements the adaptive transmission range adjustment into a number of power levels and at the same time select the next PFN from forwarding and suppressed zones. DOW-PR not only considers the packet upward advancement, but also takes into account the number of suppressed nodes and number of PFNs at the first and second hops. This research come up with another two schemes: geospatial division based geo-opportunistic routing for interference avoidance (GDGOR-IA) and Geographic routing for maximum coverage with sink mobility (GRMC-SM). The former one has opted depth based recovery and later one utilizes vertical and horizontal coordinate adjustment of deployed sinks to provide maximum coverage over an area. Furthermore, network field is divided into logical cubes by considering transmission range of sensor nodes. Both the schemes contribute to avoid fraction of local maximum nodes and improve packet delivery ratio (PDR). Also they can handle connectivity holes by their proposed recovery mechanisms. Additionally, Location Error resilient Transmission Range adjustment based protocol (LETR), Mobile Sink based LETR (MSLETR) and Modified MSLETR (MMS-LETR) for UWSNs are proposed. To successfully deliver data packets and maximize networkthroughputalongwithenergyefficiency, LETRcalculatesMeanSquareError (MSE). This helps to cope with the inefficiency introduced by geographic routing (withoutconsideringlocationinaccuracy)intermsofenergyconsumptionandnetwork throughput. The packet delivery probability, packet advancement and MSE are used altogether in the selection of optimal forwarder node. Finally, an Energy ScaledandExpandedVector-BasedForwarding(ESEVBF)schemecontributesthe mitigation of duplicate packets generation due to imbalance of holding time difference and propagation delay between nodes. ESEVBF uses the residual energy of the node to scale and vector pipeline distance ratio to expand the holding time. Resulting scaled and expanded holding time of all forwarding nodes has a significant difference to avoid multiple forwarding, which reduces energy consumption and energy balancing in the network with less end to end delay.